{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T14:25:20Z","timestamp":1775658320214,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fog computing extends mobile cloud computing facilities at the network edge, yielding low-latency application execution. To supplement cloud services, computationally intensive applications can be distributed on resource-constrained mobile devices by leveraging underutilized nearby resources to meet the latency and bandwidth requirements of application execution. Building upon this premise, it is necessary to investigate idle or underutilized resources that are present at the edge of the network. The utilization of a microservice architecture in IoT application development, with its increased granularity in service breakdown, provides opportunities for improved scalability, maintainability, and extensibility. In this research, the proposed schedule tackles the latency requirements of applications by identifying suitable upward migration of microservices within a multi-tiered fog computing infrastructure. This approach enables optimal utilization of network edge resources. Experimental validation is performed using the iFogSim2 simulator and the results are compared with existing baselines. The results demonstrate that compared to the edgewards approach, our proposed technique significantly improves the latency requirements of application execution, network usage, and energy consumption by 66.92%, 69.83%, and 4.16%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T11:07:10Z","timestamp":1692011230000},"page":"7142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Microservice Application Scheduling in Multi-Tiered Fog-Computing-Enabled IoT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8306-2762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0149-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shiraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Almas","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1060-580X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gran","family":"Badshah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayodele","family":"Lasisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10200","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2987070","article-title":"Edge-computing-enabled smart cities: A comprehensive survey","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2014.08.011","article-title":"A study on the critical analysis of computational offloading frameworks for mobile cloud computing","volume":"47","author":"Shiraz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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