{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:23:42Z","timestamp":1760149422429,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["824984","P5-0147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["824984","P5-0147"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["824984","P5-0147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["824984","P5-0147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A three-dimensional motion capture system (MoCap) and the Garmin Running Dynamics Pod can be utilised to monitor a variety of dynamic parameters during running. The present investigation was designed to examine the validity of these two systems for determining ground contact times while running in place by comparing the values obtained with those provided by the bilateral force plate (gold standard). Eleven subjects completed three 20-s runs in place at self-selected rates, starting slowly, continuing at an intermediate pace, and finishing rapidly. The ground contact times obtained with both systems differed significantly from the gold standard at all three rates, as well as for all the rates combined (p &lt; 0.001 in all cases), with the smallest mean bias at the fastest step rate for both (11.5 \u00b1 14.4 ms for MoCap and \u221281.5 \u00b1 18.4 ms for Garmin). This algorithm was developed for the determination of ground contact times during normal running and was adapted here for the assessment of running in place by the MoCap, which could be one explanation for its lack of validity. In conclusion, the wearables developed for monitoring normal running cannot be assumed to be suitable for determining ground contact times while running in place.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T11:07:10Z","timestamp":1692011230000},"page":"7155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Validity of a Three-Dimensional Motion Capture System and the Garmin Running Dynamics Pod in Connection with an Assessment of Ground Contact Time While Running in Place"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Miha","family":"Drobni\u010d","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Verdel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, 83125 \u00d6stersund, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Hans-Christer","family":"Holmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 97187 Lule\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7231-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matej","family":"Supej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, 83125 \u00d6stersund, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.06.040","article-title":"Effective Leg Stiffness in Running","volume":"42","author":"Blum","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182400520","article-title":"Ground Contact Time as an Indicator of Metabolic Cost in Elite Distance Runners","volume":"44","author":"Chapman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/346265a0","article-title":"Energetics of Running: A New Perspective","volume":"346","author":"Kram","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002669","article-title":"Shorter Ground Contact Time and Better Running Economy: Evidence from Female Kenyan Runners","volume":"35","author":"Mooses","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1059170","article-title":"Differences in Ground Contact Time Explain the Less Efficient Running Economy in North African Runners","volume":"30","author":"Granados","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0151","article-title":"Running Economy: Neuromuscular and Joint-Stiffness Contributions in Trained Runners","volume":"14","author":"Tam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0179","article-title":"Gait-Cycle Characteristics and Running Economy in Elite Eritrean and European Runners","volume":"10","author":"Muniesa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"531","article-title":"Are Gait Characteristics and Ground Reaction Forces Related to Energy Cost of Running in Elite Kenyan Runners?","volume":"35","author":"Tam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"427","article-title":"Ground Contact Time Imbalances Strongly Related to Impaired Running Economy","volume":"13","author":"Joubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410500497717","article-title":"Comparison of Maximal Anaerobic Running Tests on a Treadmill and Track","volume":"25","author":"Nummela","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"77","article-title":"Kinematic Changes during a Marathon for Fast and Slow Runners","volume":"11","author":"Hunter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blauberger, P., Horsch, A., and Lames, M. (2021). Detection of Ground Contact Times with Inertial Sensors in Elite 100-m Sprints under Competitive Field Conditions. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217331"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110737","article-title":"A Novel Kinematic Detection of Foot-Strike and Toe-off Events during Noninstrumented Treadmill Running to Estimate Contact Time","volume":"128","author":"Patoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.08.009","article-title":"A Comparison of Kinematic Algorithms to Estimate Gait Events during Overground Running","volume":"41","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.02.021","article-title":"Heel Strike Detection Using Split Force-Plate Treadmill","volume":"41","author":"Rouhani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"205566831775208","article-title":"Assessing the Validity of Pressure-Measuring Insoles in Quantifying Gait Variables","volume":"5","author":"DeBerardinis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2010.04.110","article-title":"Evaluation of Pressure Insoles during Running","volume":"2","author":"Forrester","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10779","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2994956","article-title":"An Infrared Sensor-Based Instrumented Shoe for Gait Events Detection on Different Terrains and Transitions","volume":"20","author":"Tiwari","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2014-0178","article-title":"Comparison of Five Kinematic-Based Identification Methods of Foot Contact Events During Treadmill Walking and Running at Different Speeds","volume":"31","author":"Alvim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2010.03.006","article-title":"Comparison of Methods for Kinematic Identification of Footstrike and Toe-off during Overground and Treadmill Running","volume":"13","author":"Fellin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02345744","article-title":"Phase Determination during Normal Running Using Kinematic Data","volume":"38","author":"Hreljac","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.10.013","article-title":"A Kinematic Algorithm to Identify Gait Events during Running at Different Speeds and with Different Footstrike Types","volume":"49","author":"Handsaker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2894143","article-title":"Gait Phase Detection for Normal and Abnormal Gaits Using IMU","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2023, February 15). Running Dynamics Pod. Available online: https:\/\/www.garmin.com\/sl-SI\/p\/561205."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, L., L\u00f3pez, A.M., \u00c1lvarez, D., and \u00c1lvarez, J.C. (2023). Estimation of Ground Contact Time with Inertial Sensors from the Upper Arm and the Upper Back. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052523"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00610","article-title":"Accurate Estimation of Running Temporal Parameters Using Foot-Worn Inertial Sensors","volume":"9","author":"Falbriard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benson, L., Clermont, C., Watari, R., Exley, T., and Ferber, R. (2019). Automated Accelerometer-Based Gait Event Detection During Multiple Running Conditions. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071483"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2015-0200","article-title":"Validation of a Torso-Mounted Accelerometer for Measures of Vertical Oscillation and Ground Contact Time During Treadmill Running","volume":"32","author":"Watari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.10.009","article-title":"Accuracy of Three Methods in Gait Event Detection during Overground Running","volume":"59","author":"Mo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12283-017-0255-9","article-title":"Estimating Running Spatial and Temporal Parameters Using an Inertial Sensor","volume":"21","author":"Chew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.12.020","article-title":"Estimation of Temporal Parameters during Sprint Running Using a Trunk-Mounted Inertial Measurement Unit","volume":"45","author":"Bergamini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patoz, A., Lussiana, T., Breine, B., Gindre, C., and Malatesta, D. (2022). A Single Sacral-Mounted Inertial Measurement Unit to Estimate Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force, Contact Time, and Flight Time in Running. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22030784"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.9341","article-title":"Recommendations for Assessment of the Reliability, Sensitivity, and Validity of Data Provided by Wearable Sensors Designed for Monitoring Physical Activity","volume":"6","author":"Fuss","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097295","article-title":"Wearable, Yes, but Able\u2026?: It Is Time for Evidence-Based Marketing Claims!","volume":"51","author":"Sperlich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644235","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.644235","article-title":"A COVID-19 Crisis in Child Physical Fitness: Creating a Barometric Tool of Public Health Engagement for the Republic of Slovenia","volume":"9","author":"Jurak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05003","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.05003","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on Physical Activity: A Rapid Review","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2016632118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2016632118","article-title":"Lifestyle and Mental Health Disruptions during COVID-19","volume":"118","author":"Giuntella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1eda-Babarro, A., Arbillaga-Etxarri, A., Guti\u00e9rrez-Santamar\u00eda, B., and Coca, A. (2020). Physical Activity Change during COVID-19 Confinement. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186878"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero, J.L., and Lv, Q. (2022). Global Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity Habits of Competitive Runners: An Analysis of Wearable Device Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202209.0068.v1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthies, D.J.C., Harder, T., Bretterbauer, F., Ginter, V., and Hellbr\u00fcck, H. (2021, January 29). FitFone: Tracking Home Workout in Pandemic Times. Proceedings of the 14th PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments Conference, Corfu, Greece.","DOI":"10.1145\/3453892.3461334"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01760-6","article-title":"Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review","volume":"53","author":"Mason","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2020-0408","article-title":"Reactive Strength as a Metric for Informing Return-to-Sport Decisions: A Case-Control Study","volume":"31","author":"Teichmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40648-020-00185-y","article-title":"Pose Estimation by Extended Kalman Filter Using Noise Covariance Matrices Based on Sensor Output","volume":"7","author":"Saito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robomech. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2020.08.001","article-title":"Wearable Sensor Validation of Sports-Related Movements for the Lower Extremity and Trunk","volume":"84","author":"Dahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2018-0086","article-title":"Stationary Exercise in Overweight and Normal Weight Children","volume":"31","author":"Yaghoubi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800204","article-title":"Measuring Agreement in Method Comparison Studies","volume":"8","author":"Bland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Lorimer, A., Wader, M., and Pearson, S. (2016). Validation of Contact Time, Step Rate, and Vertical Oscillation as Determined by the Garmin HRM-Run System, High Performance Sport New Zealand."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2016.6391","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of a Commercial Fitness Watch for Measuring Running Dynamics","volume":"46","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109820","article-title":"A Comparison of Currently Available Optoelectronic Motion Capture Systems","volume":"106","author":"Topley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-022-00477-0","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of Inertial Measurement Units on Lower Extremity Kinematics During Running: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verdel, N., Drobni\u010d, M., Maslik, J., Bj\u00f6rnander Rahimi, K., Tantillo, G., Gumiero, A., Hjort, K., Holmberg, H.-C., and Supej, M. (2022). A Comparison of a Novel Stretchable Smart Patch for Measuring Runner\u2019s Step Rates with Existing Measuring Technologies. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134897"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/16\/7155\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:32:57Z","timestamp":1760128377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/16\/7155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s23167155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23167155","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]}}}