{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T14:42:57Z","timestamp":1773585777937,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2020YFE0200700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFE0200700"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["41771394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771394"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020YFE0200700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFE0200700"]}]},{"name":"Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41771394"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41771394"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The assessment of land cover and changes will help to understand the temporal and spatial pattern of land cover in the world and the Belt and Road (B&amp;R) region, and provide reference information for global sustainable development and the Belt and Road construction. In this paper, the 1 km global land cover classification maps of 2016 and 2020 with a high accuracy of 88% are mapped using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) time series surface reflectance products. Based on the maps, the land cover status of the world and the Belt and Road region, the land cover change from 2016 to 2020, and the mutual transformation characteristics between various types, are analyzed. The research results indicate that from 2016 to 2020, the global change rates of cropland, forest, grassland, and impervious surface are 0.25%, 0.22%, 0.08% and 3.41%, respectively. In the Belt and Road region, the change rates of cropland, forest, grassland, and impervious surface are 0.42%, 0.60%, \u22120.55% and 2.98% respectively. The assessment results will help to clarify the spatial pattern of land cover change in the five years from 2016 to 2020, so as to provide valuable scientific information for the global realization of sustainable development goals and the construction of the B&amp;R.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T11:07:10Z","timestamp":1692011230000},"page":"7158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessment of Land Cover Status and Change in the World and \u201cthe Belt and Road\u201d Region from 2016 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Aixia","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3128-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longfei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3819-6710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ao","family":"Kai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0499-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Satellite Communications Co., Ltd., Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2009.08.009","article-title":"Land use and biodiversity relationships","volume":"26","year":"2009","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"111001","article-title":"Anthropogenic Environmental Changes Affect Biodiversity Worldwide","volume":"9","author":"Pachauri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"United Nations (2019). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10784-016-9324-y","article-title":"The transformative potential of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)","volume":"16","author":"Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Environ. Agreem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/534320a","article-title":"Policy: Map the interactions between Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"534","author":"Nilsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-018-0059-3","article-title":"Environmental challenges for the belt and road initiative","volume":"1","author":"Fahrig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/14765284.2017.1346922","article-title":"One belt, one road\u2013china\u2019s new grand strategy","volume":"15","author":"Ploberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chin. Econ. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"4848","article-title":"The Belt and Road Initiative and its influence on regional sustainability: A perspective from ecological network analysis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111772","article-title":"Global consequences of land use","volume":"309","author":"Foley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704119104","article-title":"The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability","volume":"104","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, B., Yang, A., Jue, K., and Wu, J. (2021). Long time series high-quality and high-consistency land cover mapping based on machine learning method at heihe river basin. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13081596"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"4973","article-title":"Finer resolution land-cover mapping using multiple classifiers and multisource remotely sensed data in the Heihe river basin","volume":"8","author":"Zhong","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J.-STARS"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160902946598","article-title":"Comparison of global and regional land cover maps with statistical information for the agricultural domain in Africa","volume":"31","author":"Fritz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02307.x","article-title":"Challenges in using land use and land cover data for global change studies","volume":"17","author":"Verburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Bio"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.01.001","article-title":"Global land cover mapping using Earth observation satellite data: Recent progresses and challenges","volume":"103","author":"Ban","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5289697","DOI":"10.34133\/2021\/5289697","article-title":"Finer-resolution mapping of global land cover: Recent developments, consistency analysis, and prospects","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"391","article-title":"Evaluation of four remote sensing based land cover products over china","volume":"31","author":"Ran","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-11-1633-2007","article-title":"Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification","volume":"11","author":"Peel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.748992","article-title":"Finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover: First mapping results with Landsat TM and ETM+ data","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-2753-2021","article-title":"GLC_FCS30: Global land-cover product with fine classification system at 30\u2009m using time-series Landsat imagery","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Zanaga, D., Van De Kerchove, R., De Keersmaecker, W., Souverijns, N., Brockmann, C., Quast, R., Wevers, J., Grosu, A., Paccini, A., and Vergnaud, S. (2021, October 16). ESA WorldCover 10 m 2020 v100. Available online: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/7254221."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0411-9","article-title":"Global land change from 1982 to 2016","volume":"560","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seto, K.C., Fragkias, M., G\u00fcneralp, B., and Reilly, M.K. (2011). A meta-analysis of global urban land expansion. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023777"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-020-0521-x","article-title":"High-spatiotemporal-resolution mapping of global urban change from 1985 to 2015","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2019.2900457","article-title":"Mapping global urban areas from 2000 to 2012 using time-series nighttime light data and MODIS products","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, T., Kuang, W., Hamdi, R., Zhang, C., Zhang, S., Li, Z., and Chen, X. (2019). City-level comparison of urban land-cover configurations from 2000\u20132015 across 65 countries within the Global Belt and Road. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11131515"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2023.104353","article-title":"Evolutionary trends of urban expansion and its sustainable development: Evidence from 80 representative cities in the belt and road initiative region","volume":"138","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606377103","article-title":"Cropland expansion changes deforestation dynamics in the southern Brazilian Amazon","volume":"103","author":"Morton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"5109","article-title":"Committed carbon emissions, deforestation, and community land conversion from oil palm plantation expansion in West Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"110","author":"Carlson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2004.11.001","article-title":"Forest transitions: Towards a global understanding of land use change","volume":"15","author":"Rudel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-015-8291-2","article-title":"Global cultivated land mapping at 30 m spatial resolution","volume":"59","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-018-1530-9","article-title":"Cultivated land change in the Belt Road Initiative region","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Bank, T.W. (2010). China-National Afforestation Project 2010, World Bank Group."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"IPCC (2019). Climate Change and Land: An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.144","article-title":"Land use\/land cover changes and climate: Modeling analysis and observational evidence","volume":"2","author":"Pielke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L23705","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024550","article-title":"Climate effects of global land cover change","volume":"32","author":"Gibbard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2015.04.016","article-title":"Climate change modifies risk of global biodiversity loss due to land-cover change","volume":"187","author":"Visconti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/16\/7158\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:33:05Z","timestamp":1760128385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/16\/7158"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s23167158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23167158","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]}}}