{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T16:08:06Z","timestamp":1772554086785,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research and development of new smart sensor technology to promote the development of green energy","award":["202104BN050011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202104BN050011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accurate voltage measurement of distribution networks is of great significance in power dispatching and fault diagnosis. Voltage sensors based on the spatial electric field effect do not require grounding, which provides the possibility for the distributed measurement of transmission line voltages. However, the divider ratio of suspension grounding voltage sensors is affected by the height between the sensor and the ground, as well as the distance between the sensor and the telegraph pole. In this paper, a self-calibration method based on internal capacitance transformation is proposed to realize the on-line calibration of suspension grounding voltage sensors. The calibration is accomplished by switching different parameters in the conditioning circuit, and the calibration process does not require power failure or known input excitation. In addition, the impact of electric fields in the other two phases of three-phase transmission lines on measurement through simulation research is quantified in this paper. In order to reduce the impact of interference electric fields, an equipotential shielding structure is designed. The circuit topology and probe prototype have been developed and testing has been conducted in laboratory conditions; the experimental results show that the maximum relative error of voltage amplitude is 1.65%, and the phase relative error is 0.94%. The measurement accuracy is not limited by the height to ground or the distance to the telegraph pole. In addition, in the application of an equipotential shielding probe, the maximum deviation of measured voltage is 0.7% with and without interference electric fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T11:07:10Z","timestamp":1692011230000},"page":"7161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Transmission Line Voltage Measurement Utilizing a Calibrated Suspension Grounding Voltage Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Rujin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China"}]},{"given":"Junyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangqi","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China"}]},{"given":"Hetao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China"}]},{"given":"Chunguang","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.04.114","article-title":"Topology identification method of low-voltage distribution network based on measurement data of IOT devices","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2908703","article-title":"Compensation of systematic measurement errors in a pmu-based monitoring system for electric distribution grids","volume":"68","author":"Pegoraro","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2015.2410219","article-title":"Distributed voltage security monitoring in large power systems using synchrophasors","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2021.3057614","article-title":"Decentralized voltage stability monitoring and control with distributed computing coordination","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, P., Zhang, W., Yang, L., Zhang, W., Yu, H., Huang, R., Zhu, J., and Liu, X. (2023). Online calibration study of non-contact current sensors for three-phase four-wire power cables. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052391"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/10584587.2023.2192672","article-title":"Magnetic sensor-based switching cabinet busbar current measurement method","volume":"235","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integr. Ferroelectr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10137","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3119766","article-title":"Hall-effect current sensors: Principles of operation and implementation techniques","volume":"22","author":"Crescentini","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5513","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2022.3233075","article-title":"Design of pcb rogowski coil current sensor with low droop distortion","volume":"38","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202021801001","article-title":"Fault detection and analysis of capacitive components of capacitive voltage transformer","volume":"218","author":"Xuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.110262","article-title":"An online detection method for capacitor voltage transformer with excessive measurement error based on multi-source heterogeneous data fusion","volume":"187","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, R., Kassas, M., Ahmed, C.B., Khan, F., Khan, S., Jamal, A., and Ullah, I. (2021). Application of mineral compounds for a high-voltage portable grounding system: An experimental study. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10162043"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, R., Khan, F., Jamal, A., Khan, S., Ali, S., Horoub, M.M., and Albalasie, A. (2020, January 12\u201313). Simulation and breakdown characteristics of china clay and silica sand for improved grounding system. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE), Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCE49384.2020.9179377"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21694","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3211548","article-title":"Design of novel resonant optical voltage sensor based on pockels effect","volume":"22","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fusiek, G., and Niewczas, P. (2022). Construction and evaluation of an optical medium voltage transducer module aimed at a 132 kV optical voltage sensor for wampac systems. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145307"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"3910","article-title":"Review of the study of high voltage measurement technology","volume":"44","author":"Zhenhua","year":"2018","journal-title":"High Volt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"9508216","article-title":"Semi-contactless power measurement method for single-phase enclosed two-wire residential entrance lines","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2907734","article-title":"Nonintrusive energy meter for nontechnical losses identification","volume":"69","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suo, C., Huang, R., Zhou, G., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., and He, M. (2023). Self-calibration sensor for contactless voltage measurement based on dynamic capacitance. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23083851"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6439\/abf631","article-title":"Non-intrusive dc voltage measurement based on resonant electric field microsensors","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5476","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2022.3207059","article-title":"A novel composite sensor for overvoltage and uhf partial discharge measurement in gis","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"36","article-title":"Experiment and simulation of d-dot voltage probe based on inverse problem of electric field","volume":"31","author":"Can","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. China Electrotech. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8990","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2619666","article-title":"Non-contact measurement of line voltage","volume":"16","author":"Lawrence","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2926877","article-title":"A noncontact voltage measurement system for power-line voltage waveforms","volume":"69","author":"Haberman","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"3507708","article-title":"Nonintrusive ac voltage measurement unit utilizing the capacitive coupling to the power system ground","volume":"70","author":"Shenil","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhao, Y., Li, W., Zeng, X., Tang, J., Wang, Y., and Deng, X. (2018). Research on transmission line voltage measurement method of d-dot sensor based on gaussian integral. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082455"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"3978","article-title":"Method and experimental study of transmission line voltage measurement based on a gauss-type integral algorithm","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. China Electrotech. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Long, W., Zhang, W., Yan, P., Zhou, Y., and Li, J. (2023). Transmission line voltage calibration-free measurement method. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12040814"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2013.2281052","article-title":"Design and test of an electric field sensor for the measurement of high-voltage nanosecond pulses","volume":"41","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2360804","article-title":"Calibrated single-contact voltage sensor for high-voltage monitoring applications","volume":"64","author":"Bobowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ringsrud, P.A., Huber, C.N., and Gallavan, M.F. (2018). Non-Contact Voltage Measurement. (0128858A1), U.S. Patent."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/16\/7161\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:33:11Z","timestamp":1760128391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/16\/7161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s23167161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23167161","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]}}}