{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:25:01Z","timestamp":1760149501696,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006465","name":"Culture Technology R&amp;D Program by Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and Korea Creative Content Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R2021070007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2021070007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Kwangwoon University","award":["R2021070007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2021070007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes an algorithm for transmitting and reconstructing the estimated point cloud by temporally estimating a dynamic point cloud sequence. When a non-rigid 3D point cloud sequence (PCS) is input, the sequence is divided into groups of point cloud frames (PCFs), and a key PCF is selected. The 3D skeleton is predicted through 3D pose estimation, and the motion of the skeleton is estimated by analyzing the joints and bones of the 3D skeleton. For the deformation of the non-rigid human PC, the 3D PC model is transformed into a mesh model, and the key PCF is rigged using the 3D skeleton. After deforming the key PCF into the target PCF utilizing the motion vector of the estimated skeleton, the residual PC between the motion compensation PCF and the target PCF is generated. If there is a key PCF, the motion vector of the target PCF, and a residual PC, the target PCF can be reconstructed. Just as compression is performed using pixel correlation between frames in a 2D video, this paper compresses 3D PCFs by estimating the non-rigid 3D motion of a 3D object in a 3D PC. The proposed algorithm can be regarded as an extension of the 2D motion estimation of a rigid local region in a 2D plane to the 3D motion estimation of a non-rigid object (human) in 3D space. Experimental results show that the proposed method can successfully compress 3D PC sequences. If it is used together with a PC compression technique such as MPEG PCC (point cloud compression) in the future, a system with high compression efficiency may be configured.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T11:07:10Z","timestamp":1692011230000},"page":"7163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal Estimation of Non-Rigid Dynamic Human Point Cloud Sequence Using 3D Skeleton-Based Deformation for Compression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8526-2610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Kyum","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro 20, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5244-5074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye-Won","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro 20, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2154-1290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sol","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro 20, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eui-Seok","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yeshcompany, 4, Nonhyeon-ro 64-gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06231, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1046-395X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Ho","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Kwangwoon-ro 20, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1017\/ATSIP.2018.15","article-title":"Dynamic polygon clouds: Representation and compression for VR\/AR","volume":"7","author":"Pavez","year":"2018","journal-title":"APSIPA Trans. 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(2011). Open Source Rigging in Blender: A Modular Approach. [Ph.D. Thesis, Clemson University].","key":"ref_24"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/16\/7163\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:33:19Z","timestamp":1760128399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/16\/7163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s23167163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23167163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]}}}