{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:24:00Z","timestamp":1760149440329,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2020MH181","ZR2021MF126","2020GXRC010","2022PX074","2021JC02005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MH181","ZR2021MF126","2020GXRC010","2022PX074","2021JC02005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007785","name":"Jinan Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2020MH181","ZR2021MF126","2020GXRC010","2022PX074","2021JC02005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MH181","ZR2021MF126","2020GXRC010","2022PX074","2021JC02005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014890","name":"Qilu University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2020MH181","ZR2021MF126","2020GXRC010","2022PX074","2021JC02005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MH181","ZR2021MF126","2020GXRC010","2022PX074","2021JC02005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a novel method for the online measurement of multi-point opening distances of midpalatal sutures during a rapid palatal expansion (RPE) using fiber optic Fabry\u2013Perot (F\u2013P) sensors. The sensor consists of an optical fiber with a cut flat end face and an optical reflector, which are implanted into the palatal base structure of an expander and is capable of measuring the precise distance between two optical reflective surfaces. As a demonstration, a 3D-printed skull model containing the maxilla and zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) was produced and a miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expander (MARPE) with two guide rods was used to generate the midpalatal suture expansion. The reflected spectrums of the sensors were used to dynamically extract cavity length information for full process monitoring of expansion. The dynamic opening of the midpalatal suture during the gradual activation of the expander was measured, and a displacement resolution of 2.5 \u03bcm was demonstrated. The angle of expansion was derived and the results suggested that the midpalatal suture was opened with a slight V-type expansion of 0.03 rad at the first loading and subsequently expanded in parallel. This finding might be useful for understanding the mechanical mechanisms that lead to different types of expansion. The use of a fiber optic sensor for mounting the rapid palatal expander facilitates biomechanical studies and experimental and clinical evaluation of the effects of RPE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T11:07:10Z","timestamp":1692011230000},"page":"7168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Monitoring the Opening of Rapid Palatal Expansion (RPE) in a 3D-Printed Skull Model Using Fiber Optic F\u2013P Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5555-9608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Technology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhui","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Technology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6284-2460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.01.054","article-title":"From conventional sensors to fibre optic sensors for strain and force measurements in biomechanics applications: A review","volume":"47","author":"Roriz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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