{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T20:49:19Z","timestamp":1772830159019,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015045","name":"Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015045","name":"Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST110-2314-B-037-077-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST110-2314-B-037-077-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015045","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST110-2314-B-037-077-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST110-2314-B-037-077-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between body parameters and the current\u2013time product (mAs) in chest digital radiography using a non-contact infrared thickness-measurement sensor. An anthropomorphic chest phantom was first used to understand variations in mAs over multiple positionings during chest radiography when using the automatic exposure control (AEC) technique. In a human study, 929 consecutive male subjects who underwent regular chest examinations were enrolled, and their height (H), weight (W), and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. In addition, their chest thickness (T) was measured at exhalation using a non-contact infrared sensor, and chest radiography was then performed using the AEC technique. Finally, the relationship between four body parameters (T, BMI, T*BMI, and W\/H) and mAs was investigated by fitting the body parameters to mAs using three curve models. The phantom study showed that the maximum mAs was 1.76 times higher than the lowest mAs during multiple positionings in chest radiography. In the human study, all chest radiographs passed the routine quality control procedure and had an exposure index between 100 and 212. In curve fitting, the comparisons showed that W\/H had a closer relationship with mAs than the other body parameters, while the first-order power model with W\/H fitted to mAs performed the best and had an R-square of 0.9971. We concluded that the relationship between W\/H and mAs in the first-order power model may be helpful in predicting the optimal mAs and reducing the radiation dose for chest radiography when using the AEC technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T11:07:10Z","timestamp":1692011230000},"page":"7169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigation of the Relationship between Body Parameters and mAs Using Non-Contact Two-Dimensional Thickness Measurement in Chest Digital Radiography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jia-Ru","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Armed Force General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I-Hao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Armed Force General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Syuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyun-Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Armed Force General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jen-Ming","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Armed Force General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Tsung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Armed Force General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Te-Pao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Armed Force General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su-Lan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Armed Force General Hospital, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8488-2693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Chung","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Big Data Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-012-2555-3","article-title":"A method to derive appropriate exposure parameters from target exposure index and patient thickness in pediatric digital radiography","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"150","article-title":"Relationship between Patient Anatomical Thickness and Radiographic Exposure Factors for Selected Radiologic Examinations","volume":"23","author":"Ofori","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Health Med. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2018.09.001","article-title":"Impact of body part thickness on AP pelvis radiographic image quality and effective dose","volume":"25","author":"Alzyoud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.66","article-title":"Patient-based radiographic exposure factor selection: A systematic review","volume":"61","author":"Ching","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Radiat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2021.08.009","article-title":"Optimisation of the AP abdomen projection for larger patient body thicknesses","volume":"28","author":"Gatt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2007.02.002","article-title":"Digital radiography image quality: Image acquisition","volume":"4","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"198","article-title":"Best Practices in Digital Radiography","volume":"91","author":"DeMaio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"33","article-title":"The rate of repeating X-rays in the medical centers of Jenin District\/Palestine and how to reduce patient exposure to radiation","volume":"24","author":"Assi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Phys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1148\/112.1.71","article-title":"The incidence and causes of repeated radiographic examinations in a community hospital","volume":"112","author":"Mazzaferro","year":"1974","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2004.03.014","article-title":"Reject analysis: A comparison of conventional filme-screen radiography and computed radiography with PACS","volume":"10","author":"Lau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/nch548","article-title":"Optimising automatic exposure control in computed radiography and the impact on patient dose","volume":"114","author":"Doyle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiat Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"321","article-title":"Evaluation of automatic exposure control system chamber for the dose optimization when examining pelvic in digital radiography","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. X-ray Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"N551","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/21\/N551","article-title":"Automatic exposure control calibration and optimisation for abdomen, pelvis and lumbar spine imaging with an Agfa computed radiography system","volume":"61","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4645","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/15\/002","article-title":"An examination of automatic exposure control regimes for two digital radiography systems","volume":"54","author":"Marshall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-69-823-650","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of manual and automatic exposure control techniques in film-based chest radiography","volume":"69","author":"Ismailos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/62185486","article-title":"Exposure variations under error conditions in automatic exposure controlled film-screen projection radiography","volume":"77","author":"Walsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brit. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"McQuillen-Martensen, K. (2020). Radiographic Image Analysis, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.05.060","article-title":"Digital radiography: The balance between image quality and required radiation dose","volume":"72","author":"Uffmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000326338.14198.a2","article-title":"Digital Radiography: Image Quality and Radiation Dose","volume":"95","author":"Seibert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2007.00334.x","article-title":"Digital radiography artifacts","volume":"49","author":"Drost","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasoun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.17946\/JRST.2019.42.1.19","article-title":"A study on the using of automatic exposure control in the chest radiography","volume":"42","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (2008). Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alamer, A., Alharbi, F., Aldhilan, A., Almushayti, Z., Alghofaily, K., Elbehiry, A., and Abalkhail, A. (2022). Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs): Challenges and Measures Taken by the Radiology Department to Control Infection Transmission. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122060"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2019.07.011","article-title":"Health Care-Associated Infections and the Radiology Department","volume":"50","author":"Ilyas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging Radiat Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210632","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20210632","article-title":"COVID-19: Impact on radiology departments and implications for future service design, service delivery, and radiology education","volume":"94","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brit. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2012.24","article-title":"Microsoft Kinect Sensor and Its Effect","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Multimed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2015.05.006","article-title":"Kinect range sensing: Structured-light versus Time-of-Flight Kinect","volume":"139","author":"Sarbolandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Und."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2015.09.024","article-title":"A metrological characterization of the Kinect V2 time-of-flight camera","volume":"75","author":"Corti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Robot Auton Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.75.889.750038","article-title":"The influence of different technique factors on image quality of chest radiographs as evaluated by modified CEC image quality criteria","volume":"75","author":"Lanhede","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brit. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.149.3.631","article-title":"An Improved Method for Estimating the Entrance Exposure in Diagnostic Radiographic Examinations","volume":"149","author":"Zamenhof","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Board, N.R.P. (2000). Reference Doses and Patient Size in Pediatric Radiology."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-010-1954-6","article-title":"The standardized exposure index for digital radiography: An opportunity for optimization of radiation dose to the pediatric population","volume":"41","author":"Seibert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.49","article-title":"Digital radiography exposure indices: A review","volume":"61","author":"Mothiram","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Radiat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncm493","article-title":"Correlation of image quality with exposure index and processing protocol in a computed radiography system","volume":"130","author":"Tsalafoutas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.06.014","article-title":"Survey of chest radiography systems: Any link between contrast detail measurements and visual grading analysis?","volume":"76","author":"Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-003-1971-z","article-title":"Comparison of visual grading analysis and determination of detective quantum efficiency for evaluating system performance in digital chest radiography","volume":"14","author":"Sund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.14244","article-title":"Correlation between physical measurements and observer evaluations of image quality in digital chest radiography","volume":"47","author":"Yalcin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Phys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/16\/7169\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:33:28Z","timestamp":1760128408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/16\/7169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s23167169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23167169","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]}}}