{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T12:35:27Z","timestamp":1763728527897,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017668","name":"Key Research and Development Project of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022a05020035","YZJJQY202305","92067205","202103a05020022","99203120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022a05020035","YZJJQY202305","92067205","202103a05020022","99203120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"HFIPS Director\u2019s Fund","award":["2022a05020035","YZJJQY202305","92067205","202103a05020022","99203120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022a05020035","YZJJQY202305","92067205","202103a05020022","99203120"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022a05020035","YZJJQY202305","92067205","202103a05020022","99203120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022a05020035","YZJJQY202305","92067205","202103a05020022","99203120"]}]},{"name":"Major science and technology project of Anhui Province","award":["2022a05020035","YZJJQY202305","92067205","202103a05020022","99203120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022a05020035","YZJJQY202305","92067205","202103a05020022","99203120"]}]},{"name":"Prefabricated Building Research Institute of Anhui Province","award":["2022a05020035","YZJJQY202305","92067205","202103a05020022","99203120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022a05020035","YZJJQY202305","92067205","202103a05020022","99203120"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The wind tunnel balance signal detection system is widely employed in aerospace applications for the accurate and automated measurement of aerodynamic forces and moments. However, measurement errors arise under different environmental temperature. This paper addresses the issue of measurement accuracy under different temperature conditions by proposing a temperature compensation method based on an improved gray wolf optimization (IGWO) algorithm and optimized extreme learning machine (ELM). The IGWO algorithm is enhanced by improving the initial population position, convergence factor, and iteration weights of the gray wolf optimization algorithm. Subsequently, the IGWO algorithm is employed to determine the optimal network parameters for the ELM. The calibration decoupling experiment and high-low temperature experiment are designed and carried out. On this basis, ELM, GWO-ELM, PSO-ELM, GWO-RBFNN and IGWO-ELM are used for temperature compensation experiments. The experimental results show that IGWO-ELM has a good temperature compensation effect, reducing the measurement error from 20%FS to within 0.04%FS. Consequently, the accuracy and stability of the wind tunnel balance signal detection system under different temperature environments are enhanced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]],"date-time":"2023-08-17T10:47:02Z","timestamp":1692269222000},"page":"7224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Temperature Compensation of Wind Tunnel Balance Signal Detection System Based on IGWO-ELM"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huibin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Department of Science Island, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Development Center of CAEP, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"Department of Science Island, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H., and Yang, Z. 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