{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:11:04Z","timestamp":1767006664326,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NATIONAL NATURAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION OF CHINA","award":["61903041","2020YFA0711200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61903041","2020YFA0711200"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["61903041","2020YFA0711200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61903041","2020YFA0711200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose a novel shape-sensing method based on deep learning with a multi-core optical fiber for the accurate shape-sensing of catheters and guidewires. Firstly, we designed a catheter with embedded multi-core fiber containing three sensing outer cores and one temperature compensation middle core. Then, we analyzed the relationship between the central wavelength shift, the curvature of the multi-core Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), and temperature compensation methods to establish a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) BP neural network-based catheter shape sensing method. Finally, experiments were conducted in both constant and variable temperature environments to validate the method. The average and maximum distance errors of the PSO-BP neural network were 0.57 and 1.33 mm, respectively, under constant temperature conditions, and 0.36 and 0.96 mm, respectively, under variable temperature conditions. This well-sensed catheter shape demonstrates the effectiveness of the shape-sensing method proposed in this paper and its potential applications in real surgical catheters and guidewire.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T10:28:48Z","timestamp":1692354528000},"page":"7243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Novel Catheter Shape-Sensing Method Based on Deep Learning with a Multi-Core Optical Fiber"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"},{"name":"Guangzhou Nansha Intelligent Photonic Sensing Research Institute, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 511462, China"}]},{"given":"Yanlin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"},{"name":"Guangzhou Nansha Intelligent Photonic Sensing Research Institute, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 511462, China"}]},{"given":"Hangwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"},{"name":"Guangzhou Nansha Intelligent Photonic Sensing Research Institute, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 511462, China"},{"name":"School of Locomotive and Rolling Stock Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China"}]},{"given":"Kangpeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instrument, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"},{"name":"Guangzhou Nansha Intelligent Photonic Sensing Research Institute, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 511462, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"426","article-title":"Maintenance of cardiovascular health and prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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