{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T16:53:15Z","timestamp":1774716795469,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT)","award":["20018414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20018414"]}]},{"name":"Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT)","award":["P0020661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0020661"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT)","award":["20018414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20018414"]}]},{"name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT)","award":["P0020661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0020661"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","award":["20018414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20018414"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","award":["P0020661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0020661"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The hydraulic solenoid valve is an essential electromechanical component used in various industries to control the flow rate, pressure, and direction of hydraulic fluid. However, these valves can fail due to factors like electrical issues, mechanical wear, contamination, seal failure, or improper assembly; these failures can lead to system downtime and safety risks. To address hydraulic solenoid valve failure, and its related impacts, this study aimed to develop a nondestructive diagnostic technology for rapid and accurate diagnosis of valve failures. The proposed approach is based on a data-driven model that uses voltage and current signals measured from normal and faulty valve samples. The algorithm utilizes a convolutional autoencoder and hypersphere-based clustering of the latent variables. This clustering approach helps to identify patterns and categorize the samples into distinct groups, normal and faulty. By clustering the data into groups of hyperspheres, the algorithm identifies the specific fault type, including both known and potentially new fault types. The proposed diagnostic model successfully achieved an accuracy rate of 98% in classifying the measurement data, which were augmented with white noise across seven distinct fault modes. This high accuracy demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed diagnosis method for accurate and prompt identification of faults present in actual hydraulic solenoid valves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T10:28:48Z","timestamp":1692354528000},"page":"7249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Convolutional Autoencoder Based Fault Diagnosis Method for a Hydraulic Solenoid Valve Considering Unknown Faults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Seungjin","family":"Yoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Industrial Machine Technologies, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joon Ha","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jai-Kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Industrial Machine Technologies, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang Woo","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, Daesung Nachi Hydraulics Co., Ltd., Yangsan 50592, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dal Sik","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, Daesung Nachi Hydraulics Co., Ltd., Yangsan 50592, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-6670(17)37347-0","article-title":"Fault Detection of a Solenoid Valve for Hydraulic Systems in Vehicles","volume":"33","author":"Moseler","year":"2000","journal-title":"IFAC Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2008.08.012","article-title":"Reliability and Life Study of Hydraulic Solenoid Valve. 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