{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T15:16:34Z","timestamp":1777734994556,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP2023R102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2023R102"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0393"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, Romania","award":["RSP2023R102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2023R102"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, Romania","award":["PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0393"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hybrid beamforming is a viable method for lowering the complexity and expense of massive multiple-input multiple-output systems while achieving high data rates on track with digital beamforming. To this end, the purpose of the research reported in this paper is to assess the effectiveness of the three architectural beamforming techniques (Analog, Digital, and Hybrid beamforming) in massive multiple-input multiple-output systems, especially hybrid beamforming. In hybrid beamforming, the antennas are connected to a single radio frequency chain, unlike digital beamforming, where each antenna has a separate radio frequency chain. The beam formation toward a particular angle depends on the channel state information. Further, massive multiple-input multiple-output is discussed in detail along with the performance parameters like bit error rate, signal-to-noise ratio, achievable sum rate, power consumption in massive multiple-input multiple-output, and energy efficiency. Finally, a comparison has been established between the three beamforming techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T09:07:16Z","timestamp":1692608836000},"page":"7294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Hybrid Beamforming in Massive MIMO for Next-Generation Communication Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Shahid","family":"Hamid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5568-0451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shakti Raj","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0054-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akhil","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1776-4651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudeep","family":"Tanwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India"}]},{"given":"Bogdan Cristian","family":"Florea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Information Technology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica, 061071 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8729-9292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragos Daniel","family":"Taralunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Electronics and Information Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Information Technology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica, 061071 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6111-8617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama","family":"Alfarraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11437, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0649-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Shehata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menofia 32511, Egypt"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santhi, K.R., Srivastava, V.K., SenthilKumaran, G., and Butare, A. 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