{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:26:50Z","timestamp":1760149610538,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University-Industry Cooperation Research Project in Jiangsu","award":["BY20221435","SJCX23_2149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BY20221435","SJCX23_2149"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["BY20221435","SJCX23_2149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BY20221435","SJCX23_2149"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accurate identification of highly similar sheet metal parts remains a challenging issue in sheet metal production. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an effective mean square differences (EMSD) algorithm that can effectively distinguish highly similar parts with high accuracy. First, multi-level downsampling and rotation searching are adopted to construct an image pyramid. Then, non-maximum suppression is utilised to determine the optimal rotation for each layer. In the matching, by re-evaluating the contribution of the difference between the corresponding pixels, the matching weight is determined according to the correlation between the grey value information of the matching pixels, and then the effective matching coefficient is determined. Finally, the proposed effective matching coefficient is adopted to obtain the final matching result. The results illustrate that this algorithm exhibits a strong discriminative ability for highly similar parts, with an accuracy of 97.1%, which is 11.5% higher than that of the traditional methods. It has excellent potential for application and can significantly improve sheet metal production efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T09:07:16Z","timestamp":1692608836000},"page":"7300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effective Mean Square Differences: A Matching Algorithm for Highly Similar Sheet Metal Parts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8467-8852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Eastwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manufacturing Metrology Team, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK"}]},{"given":"Hongji","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Analysis of post-processing technology for aviation sheet metal parts","volume":"4","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aeronaut. 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