{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T03:52:32Z","timestamp":1762660352030,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2805200","2021C03157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2805200","2021C03157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Key R&amp;D Program","award":["2022YFC2805200","2021C03157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2805200","2021C03157"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bionic robotics, driven by advancements in artificial intelligence, new materials, and manufacturing technologies, is attracting significant attention from research and industry communities seeking breakthroughs. One of the key technologies for achieving a breakthrough in robotics is flexible sensors. This paper presents a novel approach based on wavelength and time division multiplexing (WTDM) for distributed optical waveguide shape sensing. Structurally designed optical waveguides based on color filter blocks validate the proposed approach through a cost-effective experimental setup. During data collection, it combines optical waveguide transmission loss and the way of controlling the color and intensity of the light source and detecting color and intensity variations for modeling. An artificial neural network is employed to model and demodulate a data-driven optical waveguide shape sensor. As a result, the correlation coefficient between the predicted and real bending angles reaches 0.9134 within 100 s. To show the parsing performance of the model more intuitively, a confidence accuracy curve is introduced to describe the accuracy of the data-driven model at last.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T08:20:30Z","timestamp":1692778830000},"page":"7334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Low-Cost Distributed Optical Waveguide Shape Sensor Based on WTDM Applied in Bionics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4784-0782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University-Westlake University Joint Training, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province (KLCER), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6388-7938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University-Westlake University Joint Training, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province (KLCER), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9787-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qimeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University-Westlake University Joint Training, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province (KLCER), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5955-3812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University-Westlake University Joint Training, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province (KLCER), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1871-2658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weicheng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province (KLCER), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-021-00360-9","article-title":"Machine learning and computation-enabled intelligent sensor design","volume":"3","author":"Ballard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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