{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T01:42:35Z","timestamp":1781314955272,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3224063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3224063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BGS202211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BGS202211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23CA002-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23CA002-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23CB102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23CB102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (BJAST) Budding Talent Program","award":["3224063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3224063"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (BJAST) Budding Talent Program","award":["BGS202211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BGS202211"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (BJAST) Budding Talent Program","award":["23CA002-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23CA002-03"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (BJAST) Budding Talent Program","award":["23CB102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23CB102"]}]},{"name":"BJAST-Reform and Development","award":["3224063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3224063"]}]},{"name":"BJAST-Reform and Development","award":["BGS202211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BGS202211"]}]},{"name":"BJAST-Reform and Development","award":["23CA002-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23CA002-03"]}]},{"name":"BJAST-Reform and Development","award":["23CB102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23CB102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared with lever-type amplification mechanisms, bridge-type flexible amplification mechanisms have advantages in terms of amplification ratio and structural compactness. Therefore, they can effectively replace the lever-type amplification mechanism in the existing hair-like sensors and realize the development of miniature hair-like sensors with high sensitivity. With that in mind, a highly sensitive hair-like sensor based on a bridge-type amplification mechanism with distributed flexibility is presented to measure the airflow rate. First, the structural composition and operating principle of the hair-like sensor are described. Then, detailed design and analysis of the hair-like sensor are carried out, focusing on the design of the hair post structure, amplification mechanism, and resonator. Furthermore, the designed hair-like sensor is processed and prepared, and some experimental studies are conducted. The experimental results demonstrate that the developed hair-like sensor can measure the airflow rate with high sensitivity up to 8.56 Hz\/(m\/s)2. This provides a new concept for the structural design of hair-like sensors and expands the application of bridge-type flexible amplification mechanisms in the field of micro\/nano sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T08:20:30Z","timestamp":1692778830000},"page":"7354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Design and Development of a Hair-like Sensor with Bridge-Type Flexible Amplification Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yongzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Smart Ageing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Smart Ageing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Beijing 102308, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Smart Ageing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Smart Ageing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6209-2006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruihua","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Smart Ageing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-020-0092-6","article-title":"Crack-based and Hair-like Sensors Inspired from Arthropods: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201305285","article-title":"Bioinspired Carbon Nanotube Fuzzy Fiber Hair Sensor for Air-Flow Detection","volume":"26","author":"Maschmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-018-0033-9","article-title":"Artificial Hair-Like Sensors Inspired from Nature: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2019.06.020","article-title":"Design and applications of MEMS flow sensors: A review","volume":"295","author":"Ejeian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2017.11.027","article-title":"Design and optimization of stress centralized MEMS vector hydrophone with high sensitivity at low frequency","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19336","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19336","article-title":"Nanofibril scaffold assisted MEMS artificial hydrogel neuromasts for enhanced sensitivity flow sensing","volume":"6","author":"Kottapalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1541\/ieejsmas.139.180","article-title":"A Highly Sensitive MEMS Silicon-Hair Device Reproducing the Function of Hair Follicle","volume":"139","author":"Hamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEJ Trans. Sens. Micromachines"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s40684-020-00282-8","article-title":"Biomimetic Flow Sensor for Detecting Flow Rate and Direction as an Application for Maneuvering Autonomous Underwater Vehicle","volume":"9","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf.-Green Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"131","article-title":"Thick High Aspect-Ratio Biomimetic Silicon Hair Sensors as Accelerometers","volume":"288","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microelectromechanical Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2015.2409134","article-title":"Advantages of electrostatic spring hardening in biomimetic hair flow sensors","volume":"24","author":"Droogendijk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microelectromechanical Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22544","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3110770","article-title":"Reliability Investigation of Bioinspired Hair Flow-Sensor","volume":"21","author":"Dagamseh","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150322","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0322","article-title":"Artificial fish skin of self-powered micro-electromechanical systems hair cells for sensing hydrodynamic flow phenomena","volume":"12","author":"Asadnia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2023.108187","article-title":"Enhanced performance of bionic ciliary piezoelectric microsensor for hydrodynamic perception","volume":"247","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, B., Hu, D., and Wu, L. (2016). Design and Analysis of a New Hair Sensor for Multi-Physical Signal Measurement. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071056"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045002","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5000506","article-title":"A novel flow sensor based on resonant sensing with two-stage microleverage mechanism","volume":"89","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, B., Zhang, T., Liang, Z., and Lu, C. (2019). Research on an Artificial Lateral Line System Based on a Bionic Hair Sensor with Resonant Readout. Micromachines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi10110736"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Z., Guo, X., Yang, B., and Zhang, T. (2020). Design and Characterization of a Novel Biaxial Bionic Hair Flow Sensor Based on Resonant Sensing. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164483"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001510","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3094248","article-title":"Direct Measuring the Amplitude Ratios of Weakly Coupled Resonators Employing Automatic Amplitude Control","volume":"70","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14739","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3072416","article-title":"Oscillatory Airflow Sensing Employing MEMS Weakly Coupled Resonators","volume":"1","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2022.05.012","article-title":"Optimized design of a compact multi-stage displacement amplification mechanism with enhanced efficiency","volume":"14","author":"Ling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2016.04.011","article-title":"Design and static testing of a compact distributed-compliance gripper based on flexure motion","volume":"16","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2018.10.007","article-title":"A general two-port dynamic stiffness model and static\/dynamic comparison for three bridge-type flexure displacement amplifiers","volume":"119","author":"Ling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2016.08.011","article-title":"Theoretical modeling of attenuated displacement amplification for multistage compliant mechanism and its application","volume":"249","author":"Ling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.12.030","article-title":"Kinematic characteristic analysis of a micro-\/nano positioning stage based on bridge-type amplifier","volume":"271","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030802","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4045679","article-title":"Kinetostatic and Dynamic Modeling of Flexure-Based Compliant Mechanisms: A Survey","volume":"72","author":"Ling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2019.04.015","article-title":"Analytical modeling and analysis of rhombus-type amplifier based on beam flexures","volume":"139","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Mach. Theory"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2020.04.001","article-title":"Design and development of compliant mechanisms for electromagnetic force balance sensor","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2018.2825442","article-title":"A Compliant Micro Frequency Quadrupler Transmission Utilizing Singularity","volume":"27","author":"Machekposhti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microelectromechanical Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s10033-021-00606-y","article-title":"Micro-scale Realization of Compliant Mechanisms: Manufacturing Processes and Constituent Materials-A Review","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2016.12.013","article-title":"Design of a stiffness-adjustable compliant linear-motion mechanism","volume":"48","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Precis. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/17\/7354\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:40:52Z","timestamp":1760128852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/17\/7354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s23177354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23177354","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]}}}