{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T06:24:20Z","timestamp":1773469460092,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["RGP2\/159\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/159\/44"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["PNURSP2023R349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R349"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP2\/159\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/159\/44"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2023R349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SAUDI ARAMCO Cybersecurity Chair","award":["RGP2\/159\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/159\/44"]}]},{"name":"SAUDI ARAMCO Cybersecurity Chair","award":["PNURSP2023R349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R349"]}]},{"name":"SAUDI ARAMCO Cybersecurity Chair","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]},{"name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","award":["RGP2\/159\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/159\/44"]}]},{"name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","award":["PNURSP2023R349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R349"]}]},{"name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]},{"name":"Future University in Egypt (FUE)","award":["RGP2\/159\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/159\/44"]}]},{"name":"Future University in Egypt (FUE)","award":["PNURSP2023R349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R349"]}]},{"name":"Future University in Egypt (FUE)","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart grids (SGs) play a vital role in the smart city environment, which exploits digital technology, communication systems, and automation for effectively managing electricity generation, distribution, and consumption. SGs are a fundamental module of smart cities that purpose to leverage technology and data for enhancing the life quality for citizens and optimize resource consumption. The biggest challenge in dealing with SGs and smart cities is the potential for cyberattacks comprising Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. DDoS attacks involve overwhelming a system with a huge volume of traffic, causing disruptions and potentially leading to service outages. Mitigating and detecting DDoS attacks in SGs is of great significance to ensuring their stability and reliability. Therefore, this study develops a new White Shark Equilibrium Optimizer with a Hybrid Deep-Learning-based Cybersecurity Solution (WSEO-HDLCS) technique for a Smart City Environment. The goal of the WSEO-HDLCS technique is to recognize the presence of DDoS attacks, in order to ensure cybersecurity. In the presented WSEO-HDLCS technique, the high-dimensionality data problem can be resolved by the use of WSEO-based feature selection (WSEO-FS) approach. In addition, the WSEO-HDLCS technique employs a stacked deep autoencoder (SDAE) model for DDoS attack detection. Moreover, the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) is utilized for the optimal selection of the hyperparameters related to the SDAE model. The simulation outcome of the WSEO-HDLCS system is validated on the CICIDS-2017 dataset. The widespread simulation values highlighted the promising outcome of the WSEO-HDLCS methodology over existing methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:47:08Z","timestamp":1692874028000},"page":"7370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A White Shark Equilibrium Optimizer with a Hybrid Deep-Learning-Based Cybersecurity Solution for a Smart City Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Latifah","family":"Almuqren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8246-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumayh S.","family":"Aljameel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAUDI ARAMCO Cybersecurity Chair, Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-7768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamed","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Science, Unit of Cybersecurity, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1082-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saud S.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computing and Information System, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manar Ahmed","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Self Development, Preparatory Year Deanship, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1066-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.05.087","article-title":"Distributed denial-of-service attack detection for smart grid wide area measurement system: A hybrid machine learning technique","volume":"9","author":"Habib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoei, T.T., and Kaabouch, N. 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