{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:17:40Z","timestamp":1772205460634,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Young Scholar Fellowship Program by National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","award":["MOST 111-2636-E-194-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2636-E-194-002"]}]},{"name":"Young Scholar Fellowship Program by National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","award":["NSTC112-2636-E-194-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC112-2636-E-194-001"]}]},{"name":"Young Scholar Fellowship Program by National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","award":["NSTC 112-2636-E-194-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2636-E-194-001"]}]},{"name":"Young Scholar Fellowship Program by National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","award":["FA9550-19-1-0341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-19-1-0341"]}]},{"name":"Young Scholar Fellowship Program by National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)","award":["FA9550-21-1-0347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-21-1-0347"]}]},{"name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","award":["MOST 111-2636-E-194-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2636-E-194-002"]}]},{"name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","award":["NSTC112-2636-E-194-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC112-2636-E-194-001"]}]},{"name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","award":["NSTC 112-2636-E-194-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2636-E-194-001"]}]},{"name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","award":["FA9550-19-1-0341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-19-1-0341"]}]},{"name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","award":["FA9550-21-1-0347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-21-1-0347"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Group-IV GeSn photodetectors (PDs) compatible with standard complementary metal\u2013oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processing have emerged as a new and non-toxic infrared detection technology to enable a wide range of infrared applications. The performance of GeSn PDs is highly dependent on the Sn composition and operation temperature. Here, we develop theoretical models to establish a simple rule of thumb, namely \u201cGeSn\u2212rule 23\u201d, to describe GeSn PDs\u2019 dark current density in terms of operation temperature, cutoff wavelength, and Sn composition. In addition, analysis of GeSn PDs\u2019 performance shows that the responsivity, detectivity, and bandwidth are highly dependent on operation temperature. This rule provides a simple and convenient indicator for device developers to estimate the device performance at various conditions for practical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:47:08Z","timestamp":1692874028000},"page":"7386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["\u201cGeSn Rule-23\u201d\u2014The Performance Limit of GeSn Infrared Photodiodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3739-5451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guo-En","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shui-Qing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2006.883151","article-title":"The Past, Present, and Future of Silicon Photonics","volume":"12","author":"Soref","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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