{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T05:28:52Z","timestamp":1772342932452,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In maritime settings, effective communication between vessels and land infrastructure is crucial, but existing technologies often prove impractical for energy-sensitive IoT applications, like deploying sensors at sea. In this study, we explore the viability of a low-power, cost-effective wireless communication solution for maritime sensing data. Specifically, we conduct an experimental assessment of the Azorean Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) coverage. Our tests involve positioning the gateway at the island\u2019s highest point and installing end nodes on medium-sized fishing vessels. Through measurements of received signal strength indicator (RSSI), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and lines of sight (LOS), we showcase the potential of LoRaWAN transmissions to achieve communication distances exceeding 130 km in a LOS-free scenario over the ocean. These findings highlight the promising capabilities of LoRaWAN for reliable and long-range maritime communication of sensing data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:47:08Z","timestamp":1692874028000},"page":"7394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Unveiling LoRa\u2019s Oceanic Reach: Assessing the Coverage of the Azores LoRaWAN Network from an Island"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4890-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pinelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic International Research Centre, 9700-702 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0874-7099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Dion\u00edsio","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA School of Science and Technology, Center of Technology and Systems (UNINOVA-CTS) and Associated Lab of Intelligent Systems (LASI), NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6480-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Arvana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA School of Science and Technology, Center of Technology and Systems (UNINOVA-CTS) and Associated Lab of Intelligent Systems (LASI), NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4547-1696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 9700-702 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Cota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlantic International Research Centre, 9700-702 Angra do Hero\u00edsmo, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8657","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3035542","article-title":"A Review of Internet of Things\u2014Resource Allocation","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Integration of IoT Technologies in the Maritime Industry","volume":"Volume 1242 AISC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s00773-020-00750-5","article-title":"Systems analysis for deployment of internet of things (IoT) in the maritime industry","volume":"26","author":"Hiekata","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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