{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:25:36Z","timestamp":1760149536932,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ultra-low-power, Multi-connection, and High-security M2M Communication Chip, the 2020 State Grid Corporation of China Science and Technology Program","award":["5700-202041398A-0-0-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5700-202041398A-0-0-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spectrum sensing in Cognitive radio (CR) is a way to improve spectrum utilization by detecting spectral holes to achieve a dynamic allocation of spectrum resources. As it is often difficult to obtain accurate wireless environment information in real-world scenarios, the detection performance is limited. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), noise variance, and channel prior occupancy rate are critical parameters in wireless spectrum sensing. However, obtaining these parameter values in advance is challenging in practical scenarios. A lifting wavelet-assisted Expectation-Maximization (EM) joint estimation and detection method is proposed to estimate multiple parameters and achieve full-blind detection, which uses lifting wavelet in noise variance estimation to improve detection probability and convergence speed. Moreover, a stream learning strategy is used in estimating SNR and channel prior occupancy rate to fit the scenario where the SU has mobility. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve comparable detection performance to the semi-blind EM method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T08:42:20Z","timestamp":1692952940000},"page":"7428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lifting Wavelet-Assisted EM Joint Estimation and Detection in Cooperative Spectrum Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hengyu","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4097-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Smart-Chip Microelectronics Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1116-7706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yucheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2794358","article-title":"Wireless multimedia cognitive radio networks: A comprehensive survey","volume":"20","author":"Amjad","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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