{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T18:12:21Z","timestamp":1784225541652,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research &amp; Innovation, Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia","award":["IFP-IMSIU-2023003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFP-IMSIU-2023003"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)","award":["IFP-IMSIU-2023003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFP-IMSIU-2023003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive method employed to discern human behaviors by monitoring the neurological responses during cognitive and motor tasks. Machine learning (ML) represents a promising tool for the recognition of human activities (HAR), and eXplainable artificial intelligence (XAI) can elucidate the role of EEG features in ML-based HAR models. The primary objective of this investigation is to investigate the feasibility of an EEG-based ML model for categorizing everyday activities, such as resting, motor, and cognitive tasks, and interpreting models clinically through XAI techniques to explicate the EEG features that contribute the most to different HAR states. The study involved an examination of 75 healthy individuals with no prior diagnosis of neurological disorders. EEG recordings were obtained during the resting state, as well as two motor control states (walking and working tasks), and a cognition state (reading task). Electrodes were placed in specific regions of the brain, including the frontal, central, temporal, and occipital lobes (Fz, C1, C2, T7, T8, Oz). Several ML models were trained using EEG data for activity recognition and LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations) was employed for interpreting clinically the most influential EEG spectral features in HAR models. The classification results of the HAR models, particularly the Random Forest and Gradient Boosting models, demonstrated outstanding performances in distinguishing the analyzed human activities. The ML models exhibited alignment with EEG spectral bands in the recognition of human activity, a finding supported by the XAI explanations. To sum up, incorporating eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) into Human Activity Recognition (HAR) studies may improve activity monitoring for patient recovery, motor imagery, the healthcare metaverse, and clinical virtual reality settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T06:10:22Z","timestamp":1693203022000},"page":"7452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["An Explainable EEG-Based Human Activity Recognition Model Using Machine-Learning Approach and LIME"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5183-7631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iqram","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8346-6938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafsan","family":"Jany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University and Technology (IUT), Gazipur 1704, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AKM","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5507-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salem A.","family":"Alyami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1618-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sewon Intelligence Ltd., Seoul 04512, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4326-4332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Mehedi","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4315-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Azam","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University and Technology (IUT), Gazipur 1704, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1145\/1964897.1964918","article-title":"Activity recognition using cell phone accelerometers","volume":"12","author":"Kwapisz","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM SigKDD Explor. 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