{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:29:51Z","timestamp":1760149791990,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Government\u2014Ministry of Education and Research","award":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-3775","MicroNEx 20PFE\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-3775","MicroNEx 20PFE\/2021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005802","name":"Ministerul Cercet\u0103rii \u0219i Inov\u0103rii","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-3775","MicroNEx 20PFE\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2019-3775","MicroNEx 20PFE\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrophysiological mapping (EM) using acute electrode probes is a common procedure performed during functional neurosurgery. Due to their constructive specificities, the EM probes are lagging in innovative enhancements. This work addressed complementing a clinically employed EM probe with carbonic and circumferentially segmented macrocontacts that are operable both for neurophysiological sensing (\u201crecording\u201d) of local field potentials (LFP) and for test stimulation. This paper illustrates in-depth the development that is based on the direct writing of functional materials. The unconventional fabrication processes were optimized on planar geometry and then transferred to the cylindrically thin probe body. We report and discuss the constructive concept and architecture of the probe, characteristics of the electrochemical interface deduced from voltammetry and chronopotentiometry, and the results of in vitro and in vivo recording and pulse stimulation tests. Two- and three-directional macrocontacts were added on probes having shanks of 550 and 770 \u03bcm diameters and 10\u201323 cm lengths. The graphitic material presents a ~2.7 V wide, almost symmetric water electrolysis window, and an ultra-capacitive charge transfer. When tested with clinically relevant 150 \u03bcs biphasic current pulses, the interfacial polarization stayed safely away from the water window for pulse amplitudes up to 9 mA (135 \u03bcC\/cm2). The in vivo experiments on adult rat models confirmed the high-quality sensing of LFPs. Additionally, the in vivo-prevailing increase in the electrode impedance and overpotential are discussed and modeled by an ionic mobility-reducing spongiform structure; this restricted diffusion model gives new applicative insight into the in vivo-uprisen stimulation overpotential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T08:59:05Z","timestamp":1693299545000},"page":"7497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional Enhancement and Characterization of an Electrophysiological Mapping Electrode Probe with Carbonic, Directional Macrocontacts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9075-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu C.","family":"Popa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies\u2013IMT Bucharest, 077190 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"given":"Cosmin-Andrei","family":"Serban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Termobit Prod Srl, 020281 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Fhc, Inc., Bowdoin, ME 04287, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6783-3769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Barborica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Termobit Prod Srl, 020281 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Fhc, Inc., Bowdoin, ME 04287, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4302-629X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Zagrean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Neuroscience Department, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5713-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Octavian","family":"Buiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies\u2013IMT Bucharest, 077190 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"given":"Niculae","family":"Dumbravescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies\u2013IMT Bucharest, 077190 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9054-3257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru-Catalin","family":"Paslaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Neuroscience Department, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"given":"Cosmin","family":"Obreja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies\u2013IMT Bucharest, 077190 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Pachiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies\u2013IMT Bucharest, 077190 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Stoian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies\u2013IMT Bucharest, 077190 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7177-1521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalin","family":"Marculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies\u2013IMT Bucharest, 077190 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1368-0765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Radoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies\u2013IMT Bucharest, 077190 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"given":"Silviu","family":"Vulpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies\u2013IMT Bucharest, 077190 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3637-371X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marian","family":"Ion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for R&D in Microtechnologies\u2013IMT Bucharest, 077190 Bucharest, Romania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0128-2","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation: Current Challenges and Future Directions","volume":"15","author":"Lozano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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