{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T12:35:30Z","timestamp":1764333330511,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012331","name":"IMEC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HBC.2019.2810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBC.2019.2810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Concrete is a widely used construction material, demanding strict quality control to maintain its integrity. The durability and lifespan of concrete structures rely heavily, amongst other factors, on the characteristics of fresh and early age concrete, which are strongly dependent on the curing process. To ensure long-term durability, it is crucial to assess concrete properties throughout construction and verify compliance with design specifications. Currently, electrical resistivity-based sensors are available and used for quality control and monitoring, however, these sensors tend to be costly or only measure at a single location within the concrete cover. This study introduces a printed circuit board (PCB)-based array of electrodes capable of measuring concrete resistivity profiles across the concrete cover, from its fresh state to early age development. In this work, the feasibility of such resistivity PCB-sensors, novel for concrete, is evaluated under laboratory conditions. The sensors exhibit a promising performance in monitoring the efficiency of concrete curing under various conditions. Additionally, they successfully evaluate the effectiveness of internal curing (in our study, promoted by superabsorbent polymers) during the initial stages of hardening. This sensor array provides a valuable tool for monitoring the curing of concrete at early age, and showcases a preliminary solution that could be further developed to ensure long-term performance of concrete infrastructure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T10:30:52Z","timestamp":1693391452000},"page":"7525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Application of Cost Effective and Real-Time Resistivity Sensor to Study Early Age Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3135-5694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto","family":"Ten\u00f3rio Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory, Department of Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park, Campus A, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 60, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Yawar","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC at Holst Centre, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9824-3542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos","family":"Oudenhoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC at Holst Centre, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9588-8561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stijn","family":"Matthys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magnel-Vandepitte Laboratory, Department of Structural Engineering and Building Materials, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park, Campus A, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 60, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.11.112","article-title":"The Deteriorations of Reinforced Concrete and the Option of High Performances Reinforced Concrete","volume":"125","author":"Chemrouk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1680\/coma.900040","article-title":"Early-age properties of concrete: Overview of fundamental concepts and state-of-the-art research","volume":"164","author":"Nehdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. 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