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The integration between systems based on radio frequency (RF) and visible light communication (VLC) promises the design of hybrid systems capable of addressing and largely satisfying these requirements. Hybrid network design enables complementary cooperation without interference between the two technologies, thereby increasing the overall system data rate, improving load balancing, and reducing non-coverage areas. VLC\/RF hybrid networks can offer reliable and efficient communication solutions for Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as smart lighting, location-based services, home automation, smart healthcare, and industrial IoT. Therefore, hybrid VLC\/RF networks are key technologies for next-generation communication systems. In this paper, a comprehensive state-of-the-art study of hybrid VLC\/RF networks is carried out, divided into four areas. First, indoor scenarios are studied considering lighting requirements, hybrid channel models, load balancing, resource allocation, and hybrid network topologies. Second, the characteristics and implementation of these hybrid networks in outdoor scenarios with adverse conditions are analyzed. Third, we address the main applications of hybrid VLC\/RF networks in technological, economic, and socio-environmental domains. Finally, we outline the main challenges and future research lines of hybrid VLC\/RF networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T11:45:51Z","timestamp":1693482351000},"page":"7545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["A Review of Hybrid VLC\/RF Networks: Features, Applications, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3588-6115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisandra","family":"Bravo Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Edmundo Larenas 219, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1622-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Montejo-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, Santiago 8940000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0550-0253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lien","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Arquitectura y Dise\u00f1o, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Lientur 1457, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3461-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"Azurdia-Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370451, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5450-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Edmundo Larenas 219, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 160-C, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3139436","article-title":"5G Networks Towards Smart and Sustainable Cities: A Review of Recent Developments, Applications and Future Perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Shehab","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3058296","article-title":"Hybrid LiFi and WiFi networks: A survey","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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