{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:37:02Z","timestamp":1785163022338,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration","award":["2019EEEVL0401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019EEEVL0401"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration","award":["JCYJ20190806143618723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20190806143618723"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen","award":["2019EEEVL0401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019EEEVL0401"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen","award":["JCYJ20190806143618723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20190806143618723"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of underground space utilization, the excavation of new tunnels with ultra-shallow under crossing buildings using the drilling and blasting method is gradually increasing. The blasting vibration will undoubtedly affect the surrounding buildings. Reducing the impact of blasting vibration on ground buildings has become an important technical challenge faced by tunnel blasting technicians. The inlet end of the Xi\u2019an-Chengdu High-Speed Railway Xiannvyan Tunnel passes below a village through an ultra-shallow buried section; as a result, blasting vibration control is a major concern. A design scheme for a 0.6 m footage in tunnel was proposed and verified through field tests. A 0.8 m footage scheme and 1.8 m footage millisecond interference vibration reduction scheme were proposed, respectively. Based on the HHT analysis, by comparing the surface vibration velocities and instantaneous energy obtained from the millisecond delay detonation of cutting holes and the detonation of different charging schemes, we found that the free surface, mass of single dynamite charges, and tunnel burial depth had significant influences on the surface vibration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T09:12:22Z","timestamp":1693559542000},"page":"7589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Vibration Reduction and Explosion Control Investigation for an Ultra-Shallow Buried Tunnel under Crossing Buildings Based on HHT Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute, Tianjin 300392, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jichun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6894-5842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng-Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent and Resilient Structures for Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Default of the judging standard of blasting vibration safety abstract","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Explos. Shock. Waves"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"88","article-title":"On several problems of safety criterion for blasting vibration","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eng. Blasting"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"HHT analysis and application of blasting vibration in rock roadway excavation","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Blasting"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1998.0193","article-title":"The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis","volume":"454","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, H., Gong, M., Zhao, Q., Wu, X., and Liu, X. (2022). Vibration energy comparison helps identify formation time of new free surface in urban tunnel blasting. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app121910061"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6672942","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6672942","article-title":"Time-Frequency analysis and application of a vibration signal of tunnel excavation blasting based on CEEMD-MPE-HT","volume":"2021","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shock. Vib."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032038","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/719\/3\/032038","article-title":"Analysis of Fractal Features of Blasting Vibration Signal Based on EEMD Decomposition","volume":"719","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, S., Xie, F., Tian, S., and Liang, S. (2022). Effects of Blasting Vibrations on an Arch in the Jiaohuayu Tunnel Described by Energy Response Spectrum Analysis. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app122211395"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"964","article-title":"Monitoring and controlling technology for blasting vibration induced by tunnel excavation","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2022.10.009","article-title":"Vibration reduction technology and the mechanisms of surrounding rock damage from blasting in neighborhood tunnels with small clearance","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21077","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00640-9","article-title":"Attenuation model of tunnel blast vibration velocity based on the influence of free surface","volume":"11","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6060485","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6060485","article-title":"Controlling vibration speed in tunnel excavation using fine blasting method under complex environmental conditions","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shock. Vib."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676269","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1676269","article-title":"Study on optimization of delay method of wedge cut blasting in tunnel","volume":"2021","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shock. Vib."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042036","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/570\/4\/042036","article-title":"Investigation of the fractal characteristics of cumulative damage to tunnel surrounding rock under blasting vibration","volume":"570","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"7650784","article-title":"Study on Internal Vibration Law and Vibration Reduction of Xiaoxiku Tunnel Blasting","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geofluids"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, X.M., Guo, C.X., Mou, B., and Shi, L.L. (2019). Tunnel millisecond-delay controlled blasting based on the delay time calculation method and digital electronic detonators to reduce structure vibration effects. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212745"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Langefors, U., Kihlstr\u00f6m, B., and Kenky\u016bjo., K.S. (1963). The Modern Technique of Rock Blasting, Almquist and Wiksell."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"3836086","article-title":"Mechanism and Application of Blasting Technology Using Phase-Difference Vibration Mitigation on Adjacent Railway Tunnel","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Shock. Vib."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2020.103556","article-title":"Reduction of tunnel blasting induced ground vibrations using advanced electronic detonators","volume":"105","author":"Iwano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"73","article-title":"Characteristic and Shock Damping of Blast Vibration in a Certain Open Pit","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Strateg. Study CAE"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/17\/7589\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:44:49Z","timestamp":1760129089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/17\/7589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s23177589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23177589","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]}}}