{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T16:58:48Z","timestamp":1774630728704,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to use geometric features and texture analysis to discriminate between healthy and unhealthy femurs and to identify the most influential features. We scanned proximal femoral bone (PFB) of 284 Iranian cases (21 to 83 years old) using different dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanners and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines. Subjects were labeled as \u201chealthy\u201d (T-score &gt; \u22120.9) and \u201cunhealthy\u201d based on the results of DEXA scans. Based on the geometry and texture of the PFB in MRI, 204 features were retrieved. We used support vector machine (SVM) with different kernels, decision tree, and logistic regression algorithms as classifiers and the Genetic algorithm (GA) to select the best set of features and to maximize accuracy. There were 185 participants classified as healthy and 99 as unhealthy. The SVM with radial basis function kernels had the best performance (89.08%) and the most influential features were geometrical ones. Even though our findings show the high performance of this model, further investigation with more subjects is suggested. To our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates qualitative classification of PFBs based on MRI with reference to DEXA scans using machine learning methods and the GA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T02:59:55Z","timestamp":1693796395000},"page":"7612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Qualitative Classification of Proximal Femoral Bone Using Geometric Features and Texture Analysis in Collected MRI Images for Bone Density Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Najafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tohid","family":"Yousefi Rezaii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8258-0437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebelan","family":"Danishvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyed Naser","family":"Razavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122066","article-title":"Advances in materials-based therapeutic strategies against osteoporosis","volume":"296","author":"Lei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Chen, C., Zhang, Z., and Wei, X. 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