{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T19:32:47Z","timestamp":1782329567888,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European research project FRACTAL","award":["877056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["877056"]}]},{"name":"European research project FRACTAL","award":["101112306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101112306"]}]},{"name":"European research project EcoMobility","award":["877056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["877056"]}]},{"name":"European research project EcoMobility","award":["101112306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101112306"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Security and privacy are among the main challenges in the systems of systems. The distributed ledger technology and self-sovereign identity pave the way to empower systems and users\u2019 security and privacy. By utilizing both technologies, this paper proposes a distributed and self-sovereign-based framework for systems of systems to increase the security of such a system and maintain users\u2019 privacy. We conducted an extensive security analysis of the proposed framework using a threat model based on the STRIDE framework, highlighting the mitigation provided by the proposed framework compared to the traditional SoS security. The analysis shows the feasibility of the proposed framework, affirming its capability to establish a secure and privacy-preserving identity management system for systems of systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T02:59:55Z","timestamp":1693796395000},"page":"7617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Distributed and Secure Self-Sovereign-Based Framework for Systems of Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8643-5392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhiah el Diehn I.","family":"Abou-Tair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6982-4269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raad","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cloudyrion GmbH, 40221 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3600-8090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ala\u2019","family":"Khalifeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9321-4005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahel","family":"Alouneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan"},{"name":"College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Obermaisser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::AID-SYS3>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Architecting Principles for Systems-of-Systems","volume":"1","author":"Maier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Syst. 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