{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T18:08:37Z","timestamp":1787854117887,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003032","name":"Association Nationale Recherche Technologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/0355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/0355"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The market for unmanned aerial systems (UASs) has grown considerably worldwide, but their ability to transmit sensitive information poses a threat to public safety. To counter these threats, authorities, and anti-drone organizations are ensuring that UASs comply with regulations, focusing on strategies to mitigate the risks associated with malicious drones. This study presents a technique for detecting drone models using identification (ID) tags in radio frequency (RF) signals, enabling the extraction of real-time telemetry data through the decoding of Drone ID packets. The system, implemented with a development board, facilitates efficient drone tracking. The results of a measurement campaign performance evaluation include maximum detection distances of 1.3 km for the Mavic Air, 1.5 km for the Mavic 3, and 3.7 km for the Mavic 2 Pro. The system accurately estimates a drone\u2019s 2D position, altitude, and speed in real time. Thanks to the decoding of telemetry packets, the system demonstrates promising accuracy, with worst-case distances between estimated and actual drone positions of 35 m for the Mavic 2 Pro, 17 m for the Mavic Air, and 15 m for the Mavic 3. In addition, there is a relative error of 14% for altitude measurements and 7% for speed measurements. The reaction times calculated to secure a vulnerable site within a 200 m radius are 1.83 min (Mavic Air), 1.03 min (Mavic 3), and 2.92 min (Mavic 2 Pro). This system is proving effective in addressing emerging concerns about drone-related threats, helping to improve public safety and security.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23177650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T10:24:30Z","timestamp":1693823070000},"page":"7650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Drone Detection and Tracking Using RF Identification Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5923-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Driss","family":"Aouladhadj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COSYS-LEOST, Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, 20 Rue \u00c9lis\u00e9e Reclus, 59650 Villeneuve-d\u2019Ascq, France"},{"name":"MC2 Technologies, 1 Rue H\u00e9racl\u00e8s, 59493 Villeneuve-d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6984-8048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ettien","family":"Kpre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MC2 Technologies, 1 Rue H\u00e9racl\u00e8s, 59493 Villeneuve-d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8802-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Deniau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COSYS-LEOST, Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, 20 Rue \u00c9lis\u00e9e Reclus, 59650 Villeneuve-d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9541-8576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aymane","family":"Kharchouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MC2 Technologies, 1 Rue H\u00e9racl\u00e8s, 59493 Villeneuve-d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4781-8654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Gransart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COSYS-LEOST, Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, 20 Rue \u00c9lis\u00e9e Reclus, 59650 Villeneuve-d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3082-2489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Gaqui\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MC2 Technologies, 1 Rue H\u00e9racl\u00e8s, 59493 Villeneuve-d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dilshad, N., Hwang, J., Song, J., and Sung, N. 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