{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T05:01:09Z","timestamp":1768712469060,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2031129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2031129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12273080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12273080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","award":["U2031129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2031129"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","award":["12273080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12273080"]}]},{"name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS","award":["2018079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018079"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atmospheric drag is an important factor affecting orbit determination and prediction of low-orbit space debris. To obtain accurate ballistic coefficients of space debris, we propose a calculation method based on measured optical angles. Angle measurements of space debris with a perigee height below 1400 km acquired from a photoelectric array were used for orbit determination. Perturbation equations of atmospheric drag were used to calculate the semi-major-axis variation. The ballistic coefficients of space debris were estimated and compared with those published by the North American Aerospace Defense Command in terms of orbit prediction error. The 48 h orbit prediction error of the ballistic coefficients obtained from the proposed method is reduced by 18.65% compared with the published error. Hence, our method seems suitable for calculating space debris ballistic coefficients and supporting related practical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T10:26:43Z","timestamp":1693909603000},"page":"7668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ballistic Coefficient Calculation Based on Optical Angle Measurements of Space Debris"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yigao","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Observatory, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130117, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7131-2720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Observatory, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130117, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Object and Debris Observation, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Observatory, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130117, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Object and Debris Observation, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Observatory, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingguo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Observatory, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiannan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Observatory, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130117, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Observatory, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130117, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2015.05.038","article-title":"Thermospheric mass density: A review","volume":"56","author":"Emmert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. 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