{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T02:46:52Z","timestamp":1771642012527,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China","award":["3072022JC2704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3072022JC2704"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to enhance the precision and speed of control for electronic throttle valves (ETVs) in the face of disturbance and parameter uncertainties, an adaptive second-order fixed-time sliding mode (ASOFxTSM) controller is developed, along with disturbance observer compensation techniques. Initially, a control-oriented model specifically considering lumped disturbances within the ETV is established. Secondly, to address the contradiction between fast response and heavy chattering of conventional fixed-time sliding mode, a hierarchical sliding surface approach is introduced. This approach proficiently alleviates chattering effects while preserving the fixed convergence properties of the controller. Furthermore, to enhance the anti-disturbance performance of the ETV control system, an innovative fixed-time sliding mode observer is incorporated to estimate lumped disturbances and apply them as a feed-forward compensation term to the ASOFxTSM controller output. Building upon this, a parameter adaptive mechanism is introduced to optimize control gains. Subsequently, a rigorous stability proof is conducted, accompanied by the derivation of the expression for system convergence time. Finally, a comparison is drawn between the proposed controller and fixed-time sliding mode and super-twisting controllers through simulations and experiments. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in terms of chattering suppression, rapid dynamic response, and disturbance rejection capability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T10:23:42Z","timestamp":1693995822000},"page":"7676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Adaptive Second-Order Fixed-Time Sliding Mode Controller with a Disturbance Observer for Electronic Throttle Valves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yinkai","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enzhe","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030001","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0113232","article-title":"Overview of Drive by Wire Technologies in Automobiles","volume":"Volume 2452","author":"Pillai","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2017.05.002","article-title":"Trends and Future Perspectives of Electronic Throttle Control System in a Spark Ignition Engine","volume":"44","author":"Ashok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. 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