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imaging technology. (2) Methods: Zebrafish larvae at 7 days post fertilization (dpf) were exposed to THz radiation for 10 or 20 min; the frequency was 2.52 THz and the amplitude 50 mW\/cm2. The behavioral experiments, neural Ca2+ imaging, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of the dopamine-related genes were conducted following the irradiation. (3) Results: Compared with the control group, the behavioral experiments demonstrated that THz radiation significantly increased the distance travelled and speed of zebrafish larvae. In addition, the maximum acceleration and motion frequency were elevated in the 20 min radiation group. The neural Ca2+ imaging results indicated a substantial increase in zebrafish neuronal activity. qPCR experiments revealed a significant upregulation of dopamine-related genes, such as drd2b, drd4a, slc6a3 and th. (4) Conclusion: THz radiation (2.52 THz, 50 mW\/cm2, 20 min) upregulated dopamine-related genes and significantly enhanced neuronal excitability, and the neurobiological effect of THz radiation can be visualized using neural Ca2+ imaging in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T10:23:42Z","timestamp":1693995822000},"page":"7689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Calcium Imaging Characterize the Neurobiological Effect of Terahertz Radiation in Zebrafish Larvae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Xiuyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"},{"name":"School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Meijun","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-2509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4867901","article-title":"Communication: THz absorption spectrum of the CO2-H2O complex: Observation and assignment of intermolecular van der Waals vibrations","volume":"140","author":"Andersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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