{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T03:17:54Z","timestamp":1774581474335,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["F31CA171915-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31CA171915-01A1"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["SBIRHHSN261201300068C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBIRHHSN261201300068C"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1R21CA191389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21CA191389"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R21EB013387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21EB013387"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01EB008716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB008716"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["P30CA062203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA062203"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["NRF2021R1A5A1032937"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF2021R1A5A1032937"]}]},{"name":"government of South Korea","award":["F31CA171915-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31CA171915-01A1"]}]},{"name":"government of South Korea","award":["SBIRHHSN261201300068C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBIRHHSN261201300068C"]}]},{"name":"government of South Korea","award":["1R21CA191389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21CA191389"]}]},{"name":"government of South Korea","award":["R21EB013387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21EB013387"]}]},{"name":"government of South Korea","award":["R01EB008716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB008716"]}]},{"name":"government of South Korea","award":["P30CA062203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA062203"]}]},{"name":"government of South Korea","award":["NRF2021R1A5A1032937"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF2021R1A5A1032937"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We recently developed a novel hyperspectral excitation-resolved near-infrared fluorescence imaging system (HER-NIRF) based on a continuous-wave wavelength-swept laser. In this study, this technique is applied to measure the distribution of the therapeutic agent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by utilizing solvatochromic shift in the spectral profile of albumin-bound Indocyanine green (ICG). Using wide-field imaging in turbid media, complex dynamics of albumin-bound ICG are measured in mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water. Phantom experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the HER-NIRF system. The results show that the distribution of DMSO can be visualized in the wide-field reflection geometry. One of the main purposes of the DMSO is to act as a carrier for other drugs, enhancing their effects by facilitating skin penetration. Understanding the solubility and permeability of drugs in vivo is very important in drug discovery and development. Hence, this HER-NIRF technique has great potential to advance the utilization of the therapeutic agent DMSO by mapping its distribution via the solvatochromic shift of ICG. By customizing the operational wavelength range, this system can be applied to any other fluorophores in the near-infrared region and utilized for a wide variety of drug delivery studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T10:11:07Z","timestamp":1694081467000},"page":"7728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Monitoring Distribution of the Therapeutic Agent Dimethyl Sulfoxide via Solvatochromic Shift of Albumin-Bound Indocyanine Green"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jaedu","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tu and Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 607-735, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Farouk","family":"Nouizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tu and Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2811-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 607-735, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Gultekin","family":"Gulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tu and Yuen Center for Functional Onco-Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-022-02494-1","article-title":"Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): A solvent that may solve selected cutaneous clinical challenges","volume":"315","author":"Karim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Medical use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)","volume":"5","author":"Swanson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Basic Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1967.tb34928.x","article-title":"Interval therapy with dimethyl sulfoxide","volume":"141","author":"Paul","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"177","article-title":"Dimethyl sulfoxide in the management of patient with brain swelling and increased intracranial pressure after severe closed head injury","volume":"33","author":"Kulali","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurochirurgia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03080170037009","article-title":"Dimethyl Sulfoxide in Musculoskeletal Disorders","volume":"192","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"1965","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66916-9","article-title":"Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin and dimethyl sulfoxide for treatment of classic and nonulcer interstitial cystitis: A prospective, randomized double-blind study","volume":"164","author":"Peeker","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-006-1792-3","article-title":"Oral dimethyl sulfoxide for systemic amyloid A amyloidosis complication in chronic inflammatory disease: A retrospective patient chart review","volume":"41","author":"Amemori","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2011.09.1923","article-title":"Dimethyl sulfoxide: An effective penetration enhancer for topical administration of NSAIDs","volume":"39","author":"Marren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physician Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otterbach, A., and Lamprecht, A. (2021). Enhanced Skin Permeation of Estradiol by Dimethyl Sulfoxide Containing Transdermal Patches. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030320"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, G., Li, J., and Deng, S. (2021). Applications of Supercritical Anti-Solvent Process in Preparation of Solid Multicomponent Systems. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13040475"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pauli, G., Tang, W.-L., and Li, S.-D. (2019). Development and Characterization of the Solvent-Assisted Active Loading Technology (SALT) for Liposomal Loading of Poorly Water-Soluble Compounds. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11090465"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Vinood, B.P.A.V.R.P. (2021). Toxicology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12759","article-title":"Should the standard dimethyl sulfoxide concentration be reduced? Results of a European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation prospective noninterventional study on usage and side effects of dimethyl sulfoxide","volume":"54","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16642.1","article-title":"Adverse reactions of dimethyl sulfoxide in humans: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Madsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17128","DOI":"10.1021\/jp1097487","article-title":"What is solvatochromism?","volume":"114","author":"Marini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2023.122998","article-title":"Spectroscopic behavior differences between lumazine and alloxazine in the DMSO-water mixture","volume":"302","author":"Truksa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.1900725","article-title":"The application of indocyanine green (ICG) and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging for assessment of the lymphatic system in reconstructive lymphaticovenular anastomosis surgery","volume":"18","author":"Chao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9159","article-title":"Clinical trial of combined radio- and fluorescence-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer","volume":"100","author":"Schaafsma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2011.01.009","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of liver metastases in rats using indocyanine green","volume":"174","author":"Hutteman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2012.07.002","article-title":"Randomized comparison of near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic tracers for sentinel lymph node mapping of cervical cancer","volume":"127","author":"Schaafsma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"322","article-title":"Simulation of delivery of ICG injected intravenously into human subject for breast cancer detection","volume":"4929","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"SPIE"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2000)072<0094:POIAHC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of ICG and HPPH-car for the detection of normal and tumor tissue using fluorescence, near-infrared reflectance imaging: A case study","volume":"72","author":"Gurfinkel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1286","article-title":"Binding properties of indocyanine green in human blood","volume":"39","author":"Yoneya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.107.111609","article-title":"Near infrared dyes as lifetime solvatochromic probes for micropolarity measurements of biological systems","volume":"93","author":"Berezin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTCON.465713","article-title":"Application of a wavelength-swept laser for spectrally resolved wide-field near-infrared fluorescence imaging","volume":"1","author":"Nouizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Contin."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5937","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.14.005937","article-title":"Optical frequency domain imaging with a rapidly swept laser in the 815\u2013870 nm range","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.000193","article-title":"Simultaneous multimodal ophthalmic imaging using swept-source spectrally encoded scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography","volume":"8","author":"Malone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45605","DOI":"10.1088\/1054-660X\/24\/4\/045605","article-title":"800-nm-centered swept laser for spectroscopic optical coherence tomography","volume":"24","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laser Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e57578","article-title":"Agarose-based Tissue Mimicking Optical Phantoms for Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy","volume":"138","author":"Mustari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1044","article-title":"A phantom with tissue-like optical properties in the visible and near infrared for use in photomedicine","volume":"28","author":"Lualdi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R2999","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.47.R2999","article-title":"Scattering and wavelength transduction of diffuse photon density waves","volume":"47","author":"Boas","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6100","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.469559","article-title":"Development of a theranostic preclinical fluorescence molecular tomography\/cone beam CT-guided irradiator platform","volume":"13","author":"Nouizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035007","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aaf96d","article-title":"A thermo-sensitive fluorescent agent based method for excitation light leakage rejection for fluorescence molecular tomography","volume":"64","author":"Nouizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, H., Lim, G., Hong, K.-S., Cho, J., Gulsen, G., and Kim, C.-S. (2017). Effect of Shot Noise on Simultaneous Sensing in Frequency Division Multiplexed Diffuse Optical Tomographic Imaging Process. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122752"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1528205","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence contrast-enhanced imaging with intensified charge-coupled device homodyne detection: Measurement precision and accuracy","volume":"8","author":"Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47156-x","article-title":"An ICCD camera-based time-domain ultrasound-switchable fluorescence imaging system","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140547","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20140547","article-title":"A review of performance of near-infrared fluorescence imaging devices used in clinical studies","volume":"88","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/18\/7728\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:46:42Z","timestamp":1760129202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/18\/7728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s23187728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23187728","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]}}}