{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T13:23:50Z","timestamp":1778678630940,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CSIRO"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study determines an optimal spectral configuration for the CyanoSat imager for the discrimination and retrieval of cyanobacterial pigments using a simulated dataset with machine learning (ML). A minimum viable spectral configuration with as few as three spectral bands enabled the determination of cyanobacterial pigments phycocyanin (PC) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) but may not be suitable for determining cyanobacteria composition. A spectral configuration with about nine ideally positioned spectral bands enabled estimation of the cyanobacteria-to-algae ratio (CAR) and pigment concentrations with almost the same accuracy as using all 300 spectral channels. A narrower spectral band full-width half-maximum (FWHM) did not provide improved performance compared to the nominal 12 nm configuration. In conclusion, continuous sampling of the visible spectrum is not a requirement for cyanobacterial detection, provided that a multi-spectral configuration with ideally positioned, narrow bands is used. The spectral configurations identified here could be used to guide the selection of bands for future ocean and water color radiometry sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T10:42:49Z","timestamp":1694428969000},"page":"7800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Determining the Spectral Requirements for Cyanobacteria Detection for the CyanoSat Hyperspectral Imager with Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2252-8028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark W.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CyanoLakes (Pty) Ltd., Cherrybrook, NSW 2126, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Kravitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Postdoctoral Program, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA"},{"name":"Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA"},{"name":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1450-9962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Pease","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Manufacturing, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6810-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Gensemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Manufacturing, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.02.002","article-title":"Health impacts from cyanobacteria harmful algae blooms: Implications for the North American Great Lakes","volume":"54","author":"Carmichael","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031-8884-40-3-228.1","article-title":"Toxic cyanobacterial bloom problems in Australian waters: Risks and impacts on human health","volume":"40","author":"Falconer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.11.006","article-title":"A review of microcystin detections in Estuarine and Marine waters: Environmental implications and human health risk","volume":"61","author":"Preece","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/109374000436364","article-title":"Health risks caused by freshwater cyanobacteria in recreational waters","volume":"3","author":"Chorus","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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