{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T01:14:17Z","timestamp":1780708457325,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and the Technological University of Uruguay (UTEC)","award":["2023-PROY-00937"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-PROY-00937"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development and growth of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is significantly propelled by advances in Radio Frequency (RF) and Visible Light Communication (VLC) technologies. This paper endeavors to present a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in cognitive hybrid RF-VLC systems for WSNs, emphasizing the critical task of seamlessly integrating Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSNs) and VLC technologies. The central challenge addressed is the intricate landscape of this integration, characterized by notable trade-offs between performance and complexity, which escalate with the addition of more devices and increased data rates. This scenario necessitates the development of advanced cognitive radio strategies, potentially facilitated by Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) approaches, albeit introducing new complexities such as the necessity for pre-training with extensive datasets. The review scrutinizes the fundamental aspects of CRSNs and VLC, spotlighting key areas like Energy Efficient Resource Allocation, Industrial Scenarios, and Energy Harvesting, and explores the synergistic amalgamation of these technologies as a promising pathway for enhanced spectrum utilization and network performance. By delving into the integration of cognitive radio technology with visible light, this study furnishes valuable insights into the potential for innovative applications in wireless communication, presenting a balanced overview of the current advancements and prospective avenues in the field of cognitive hybrid RF\/VLC systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T03:54:06Z","timestamp":1694490846000},"page":"7815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Review of Cognitive Hybrid Radio Frequency\/Visible Light Communication Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2363-3566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Fuchs","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Automation and Intelligent Systems, ITR-Norte, Technological University of Uruguay (UTEC), Rivera 40000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4454-6809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Henrique","family":"Barriquello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-8677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitalio Alfonso","family":"Reguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Automation and Intelligent Systems, ITR-Norte, Technological University of Uruguay (UTEC), Rivera 40000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3184-6095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Weber","family":"Denardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal Technological University of Paran\u00e1 (UTFPR), Campus Pato Branco, Pato Branco 85503-390, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3103-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djeisson Hoffmann","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3849-6868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Loose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Communications and Systems, University of Oviedo (UNIOVI), 33204 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6474-1667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Saldanha","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Center, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garda\u0161evi\u0107, G., Katzis, K., Baji\u0107, D., and Berbakov, L. 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