{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T21:07:29Z","timestamp":1778706449345,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MICSYS (a microfluidic-chip-based system for the detection of contaminants in water) project","award":["\u03a42\u0395\u0394\u039a-02144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u03a42\u0395\u0394\u039a-02144"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A hybrid noble nanoparticle\/DNAzyme electrochemical biosensor is proposed for the detection of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cr3+. The sensor takes advantage of a well-studied material that is known for its selective interaction with heavy metal ions (i.e., DNAzymes), which is combined with metallic nanoparticles. The double-helix structure of DNAzymes is known to dissociate into smaller fragments in the presence of specific heavy metal ions; this results in a measurable change in device resistance due to the collapse of conductive inter-nanoparticle DNAzyme bridging. The paper discusses the effect of DNAzyme anchoring groups (i.e., thiol and amino functionalization groups) on device performance and reports on the successful detection of all three target ions in concentrations that are well below their maximum permitted levels in tap water. While the use of DNAzymes for the detection of lead in particular and, to some extent, cadmium has been studied extensively, this is one of the few reports on the successful detection of chromium (III) via a sensor incorporating DNAzymes. The sensor showed great potential for its future integration in autonomous and remote sensing systems due to its low power characteristics, simple and cost-effective fabrication, and easy automation and measurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T03:54:06Z","timestamp":1694490846000},"page":"7818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Hybrid Nanoparticle\/DNAzyme Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Divalent Heavy Metal Ions and Cr3+"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7572-4375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Skotadis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0143-2433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Aslanidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5780-1074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Tsekenis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 11527 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Chrysi","family":"Panagopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Annita","family":"Rapesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Tzourmana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Kennou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3122-3165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon","family":"Ladas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}]},{"given":"Angelos","family":"Zeniou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Attiki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5189-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Tsoukalas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0209-9","article-title":"Nanosensors for water quality monitoring","volume":"13","author":"Vikesland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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