{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:32:15Z","timestamp":1778693535773,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European UnionNext GenerationEU","award":["ECS_00000043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS_00000043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Industry 4.0 has significantly improved the industrial manufacturing scenario in recent years. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) enables the creation of globally interconnected smart factories, where constituent elements seamlessly exchange information. Industry 5.0 has further complemented these achievements, as it focuses on a human-centric approach where humans become part of this network of things, leading to a robust human\u2013machine interaction. In this distributed, dynamic, and highly interconnected environment, functional safety is essential for adequately protecting people and machinery. The increasing availability of wireless networks makes it possible to implement distributed and flexible functional safety systems. However, such networks are known for introducing unwanted delays that can lead to safety performance degradation due to their inherent uncertainty. In this context, the Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards present an attractive prospect for enhancing and ensuring acceptable behaviors. The research presented in this paper deals with the introduction of TSN to implement functional safety protocols for wireless networks. Among the available solutions, we selected Wi-Fi since it is a widespread network, often considered and deployed for industrial applications. The introduction of a reference functional safety protocol is detailed, along with an analysis of how TSN can enhance its behavior by evaluating relevant performance indexes. The evaluation pertains to a standard case study of an industrial warehouse, tested through practical simulations. The results demonstrate that TSN provides notable advantages, but it requires meticulous coordination with the Wi-Fi MAC layer protocol to guarantee improved performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T21:41:12Z","timestamp":1694554872000},"page":"7825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Time-Sensitive Networking to Improve the Performance of Distributed Functional Safety Systems Implemented over Wi-Fi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5745-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Morato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, CNR-IEIIT, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3859-3510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Vitturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, CNR-IEIIT, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6380-7897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Tramarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Zunino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, CNR-IEIIT, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Cheminod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy, CNR-IEIIT, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2021.3101673","article-title":"Industry 4.0 Implementation Challenges and Opportunities: A Technological Perspective","volume":"16","author":"Rikalovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xian, W., Yu, K., Han, F., Fang, L., He, D., and Han, Q.L. (IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform., 2023). Advanced Manufacturing in Industry 5.0: A Survey of Key Enabling Technologies and Future Trends, IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform.","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2023.3274224"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahavandi, S. (2019). Industry 5.0\u2014A human-centric solution. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164371"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2023, August 28). Platform Industrie 4.0. Available online: https:\/\/www.plattform-i40.de."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo, F., Padovano, A., and Umbrello, S. (2020). Value-Oriented and Ethical Technology Engineering in Industry 5.0: A Human-Centric Perspective for the Design of the Factory of the Future. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10124182"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Breque, M., De Nul, L., and Petridis, A. (2021). Industry 5.0\u2014Towards a Sustainable, Human-Centric and Resilient European Industry, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2021.10.006","article-title":"Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0\u2014Inception, conception and perception","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2913443","article-title":"Industrial Communication Systems and Their Future Challenges: Next-Generation Ethernet, IIoT, and 5G","volume":"107","author":"Vitturi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bicaku, A., Schmittner, C., Tauber, M., and Delsing, J. (2018, January 15\u201318). Monitoring industry 4.0 applications for security and safety standard compliance. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS), St. Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPHYS.2018.8390801"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2021). Industrial Communication Networks\u2013Profiles\u2014Part 3: Functional Safety Fieldbuses\u2014General Rules and Profile Definitions (Standard No. IEC 61784-3). Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2905334","article-title":"A Perspective on IEEE Time-Sensitive Networking for Industrial Communication and Automation Systems","volume":"107","author":"Steiner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedullo, T., Morato, A., Tramarin, F., Rovati, L., and Vitturi, S. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on Time Sensitive Networks with a Special Focus on Its Applicability to Industrial Smart and Distributed Measurement Systems. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041638"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2903414","article-title":"Extending Accurate Time Distribution and Timeliness Capabilities Over the Air to Enable Future Wireless Industrial Automation Systems","volume":"107","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peserico, G., Morato, A., Tramarin, F., and Vitturi, S. (2021). Functional Safety Networks and Protocols in the Industrial Internet of Things Era. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186073"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89821","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2926650","article-title":"Research on Safe Communication Architecture for Real-Time Ethernet Distributed Control System","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2012.2207815","article-title":"Dependability and Functional Safety: Applications in Industrial Electronics Systems","volume":"6","author":"Buja","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2011-100","article-title":"Efficient Integration of Secure and Safety Critical Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"2011","author":"Gidlund","year":"2011","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2829899","article-title":"Safe-WirelessHART: A Novel Framework Enabling Safety-Critical Applications Over Industrial WSNs","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pimentel, V., and Nickerson, B.G. (November, January 29). A Safety Function Response Time Model for Wireless Industrial Control. Proceedings of the IECON 2014\u201440th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Dallas, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2014.7049079"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2020). IEEE Standard for Low\u2013Rate Wireless Networks (Standard No. IEEE 802.15.4). Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadziaganovi\u0107, A., Atiq, M.K., Blazek, T., Bernhard, H.P., and Springer, A. (2021, January 7\u201310). The performance of openSAFETY protocol via IEEE 802.11 wireless communication. Proceedings of the 2021 26th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Vasteras, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA45728.2021.9613548"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2020.3015110","article-title":"Prediction, Planning, and Coordination of Thousand-Warehousing-Robot Networks With Motion and Communication Uncertainties","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26022","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2819199","article-title":"Collision-Free Route Planning for Multiple AGVs in an Automated Warehouse Based on Collision Classification","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2016). Adjustable Speed Electrical Power Drive Systems\u2014Part 5-2: Safety Requirements-Functional (Standard No. IEC 61800 Standard)."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2016). IEEE Standard for Information Technology\u2014Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Specific Requirements\u2014Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications (Standard No. IEEE 802.11)."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Erceg, V., Schumacher, L., Kyritsi, P., Molisch, A., Baum, D.S., Gorokhov, A.Y., Oestges, C., Li, Q., Yu, K., and Tal, N. (2004). TGn Channel Models (Standard No. IEEE 802.11-03\/0940-01-000n, Std.). Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2020). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2013Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.1AS-2020 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.1AS-2011))."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2016). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Bridges and Bridged Networks\u2014Amendment 25: Enhancements for Scheduled Traffic (Standard No. IEEE Std 802.1Qbv-2015 (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.1Q-2014 as amended by IEEE Std 802.1Qca-2015, IEEE Std 802.1Qcd-2015, and IEEE Std 802.1Q-2014\/Cor 1-2015))."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montgomery, K., Candell, R., Hany, M., Liu, Y., and Montgomery, K. (2021). Wireless User Requirements for the Factory Workcell, National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.). Technical Report NIST AMS 300-8r1-upd.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.AMS.300-8r1\/upd"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Sofia, R.C., Kovatsch, M., and Mendes, P. (2023, July 31). Requirements for Reliable Wireless Industrial Services. Available online: https:\/\/datatracker.ietf.org\/doc\/draft-sofia-raw-industrialreq-00."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morato, M., Zunino, C., Cheminod, M., Vitturi, S., Cavalcanti, D., Sudhakaran, S., and Tramarin, F. (2023, January 12\u201315). Evaluating the Integration of Wireless Time-Sensitive Networking with Software-Defined Networking for Dynamic Network Configuration. Proceedings of the 28th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Sinaia, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/ETFA54631.2023.10275548"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/18\/7825\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:49:26Z","timestamp":1760129366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/18\/7825"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s23187825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23187825","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]}}}