{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T16:02:51Z","timestamp":1771516971762,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFH0054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFH0054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFH0054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFH0054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial S&amp;T Projects","award":["62271091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271091"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial S&amp;T Projects","award":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0480"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial S&amp;T Projects","award":["2020YFH0054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFH0054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unmanned aerial vehicle-aided visible light communication (UAV-VLC) can be used to realize joint emergency illumination and communication, but the endurance of UAV is a key limiting factor. In order to overcome this limitation, this paper proposes the use of an angle diversity transmitter (ADT) to enhance the energy efficiency of the UAV-VLC system. The ADT is designed with one bottom LED and several evenly distributed inclined side LEDs. By jointly optimizing the inclination angle of the side LEDs in the ADT and the height of the hovering UAV, the study aims to minimize the power consumption of the UAV-VLC system while satisfying the requirements of both illumination and communication. Simulation results show that the energy efficiency of the UAV-VLC system can be greatly enhanced by applying the optimized ADT. Moreover, the energy efficiency enhancement is much more significant when the LEDs in the ADT have a smaller divergence angle, or more side LEDs are configured in the ADT. More specifically, a 50.9% energy efficiency improvement can be achieved by using the optimized ADT in comparison to the conventional non-angle diversity transmitter (NADT).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T04:06:13Z","timestamp":1694750773000},"page":"7886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Energy-Efficient Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Aided Visible Light Communication with an Angle Diversity Transmitter for Joint Emergency Illumination and Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Qiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3810-8466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanli","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1096-8125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 636732, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2541-6283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6268","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2923237","article-title":"A relay-assisted OFDM system for VLC uplink transmission","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, H., Choi, J.H., Kang, M., Ghassemlooy, Z., Kim, D., Lim, S.K., Kang, T.G., and Lee, C.G. (2010, January 21\u201323). A MATLAB-based simulation program for indoor visible light communication system. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP 2010), IEEE, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNDSP16145.2010.5580355"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Le Minh, H., Ghassemlooy, Z., O\u2019Brien, D., and Faulkner, G. (July, January 27). Indoor gigabit optical wireless communications: Challenges and possibilities. Proceedings of the International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2008.928525","article-title":"Broadband information broadcasting using LED-based interior lighting","volume":"26","author":"Grubor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22169","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3150093","article-title":"Recent trends in underwater visible light communication (UVLC) systems","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16812","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.489530","article-title":"Enhancing underwater VLC with spatial division transmission and pairwise coding","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyewobi, S.S., Djouani, K., and Kurien, A.M. (2022). Visible light communications for internet of things: Prospects and approaches, challenges, solutions and future directions. Technologies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies10010028"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139209","article-title":"Metal-organic frameworks-based triboelectric nanogenerator powered visible light communication system for wireless human\u2013machine interactions","volume":"452","author":"Pandey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3142991","article-title":"Infrastructure-to-vehicle visible light communications: Channel modelling and performance analysis","volume":"71","author":"Eldeeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cervinka, D., Ahmad, Z., Salih, O., and Rajbhandari, S. (2020, January 20\u201322). A study of yearly sunlight variance effect on vehicular visible light communication for emergency service vehicles. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNDSP49049.2020.9249508"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3119221","article-title":"UAV location optimization in MISO ZF pre-coded VLC networks","volume":"11","author":"Eltokhey","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3165853","article-title":"Joint deployment and resource management for VLC-enabled RISs-assisted UAV networks","volume":"22","author":"Cang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7464","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3211083","article-title":"Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Trajectory Design and Two-Stage Resource Management in CoMP UAV VLC Networks","volume":"70","author":"Maleki","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, H., Li, J., Sayegh, A., Birolini, S., and Andreani, S. (2018, January 18\u201321). Twinkle: A flying lighting companion for urban safety. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, Stockholm, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1145\/3173225.3173309"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2902862","article-title":"A tutorial on UAVs for wireless networks: Applications, challenges, and open problems","volume":"21","author":"Mozaffari","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"W2","article-title":"UAV application in post-seismic environment","volume":"1","author":"Baiocchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mersheeva, V., and Friedrich, G. (2015, January 7\u201311). Multi-UAV monitoring with priorities and limited energy resources. Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling, Jerusalem, Israel.","DOI":"10.1609\/icaps.v25i1.13695"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10375","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2988930","article-title":"Sum-rate maximization for UAV-assisted visible light communications using NOMA: Swarm intelligence meets machine learning","volume":"7","author":"Pham","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7049","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3007804","article-title":"Deep learning for optimal deployment of UAVs with visible light communications","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7086","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3143175","article-title":"Cooperative multiagent deep reinforcement learning for reliable surveillance via autonomous multi-UAV control","volume":"18","author":"Yun","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2432514","article-title":"Indoor MIMO visible light communications: Novel angle diversity receivers for mobile users","volume":"33","author":"Nuwanpriya","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2502782","article-title":"Performance analysis of indoor diffuse VLC MIMO channels using angular diversity detectors","volume":"34","author":"Mmbaga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2842080","article-title":"Reduction of SINR fluctuation in indoor multi-cell VLC systems using optimized angle diversity receiver","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2017.2670367","article-title":"Space division multiple access for optical attocell network using angle diversity transmitters","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixit, V., and Kumar, A. (2020, January 13\u201316). Performance analysis of indoor visible light communication system with angle diversity transmitter. Proceedings of the IEEE 4th Conference on Information & Communication Technology (CICT), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/CICT51604.2020.9312087"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3051912","article-title":"NOMA for energy-efficient LiFi-enabled bidirectional IoT communication","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2916998","article-title":"Power efficient visible light communication with unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2004.1277847","article-title":"Fundamental analysis for visible-light communication system using LED lights","volume":"50","author":"Komine","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3771","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2013.2286088","article-title":"Tight bounds on channel capacity for dimmable visible light communications","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2476474","article-title":"Visible light communication, networking, and sensing: A survey, potential and challenges","volume":"17","author":"Pathak","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/18\/7886\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:51:00Z","timestamp":1760129460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/18\/7886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s23187886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23187886","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]}}}