{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:48:23Z","timestamp":1770842903381,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Centre for Research and Development","award":["BIOSTRATEG3\/347105\/9\/NCBR\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIOSTRATEG3\/347105\/9\/NCBR\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fusarium is a genus of fungi found throughout the world. It includes many pathogenic species that produce toxins of agricultural importance. These fungi are also found in buildings and the toxins they spread can be harmful to humans. Distinguishing Fusarium species can be important for selecting effective preventive measures against their spread. A low-cost electronic nose applying six commercially available TGS-series gas sensors from Figaro Inc. was used in our research. Different modes of operation of the electronic nose were applied and compared, namely, gas adsorption and desorption, as well as modulation of the sensor\u2019s heating voltage. Classification models using the random forest technique were applied to differentiate between measured sample categories of four species: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. greaminarum, and F. oxysporum. In our research, it was found that the mode of operation with modulation of the heating voltage had the advantage of collecting data from which features can be extracted, leading to the training of machine learning classification models with better performance compared to cases where the sensor\u2019s response to the change in composition of the measured gas was exploited. The optimization of the data collection time was investigated and led to the conclusion that the response of the sensor at the beginning of the heating voltage modulation provides the most useful information. For sensor operation in the mode of gas desorption\/absorption (i.e., modulation of the gas composition), the optimal time of data collection was found to be longer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T23:57:46Z","timestamp":1694995066000},"page":"7907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Analysis of the Response Signals of an Electronic Nose Sensor for Differentiation between Fusarium Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2906-246X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Borowik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2553-109X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentyna","family":"Dyshko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry and Forest Melioration Named after G. M. Vysotsky, 61024 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9666-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Tarakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6031-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Tkaczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, ul. Braci Le\u015bnej 3, 05-090 S\u0119kocin Stary, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9545-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Okorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Pl. \u0141\u00f3dzki 5, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4688-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Oszako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, ul. Braci Le\u015bnej 3, 05-090 S\u0119kocin Stary, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/299352a0","article-title":"Analysis of discrimination mechanisms in the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose","volume":"299","author":"Persaud","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037570","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ab729c","article-title":"Editors\u2019 Choice\u2014Critical Review\u2014A Critical Review of Solid State Gas Sensors","volume":"167","author":"Hunter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuchmenko, T.A., and Lvova, L.B. (2019). A Perspective on Recent Advances in Piezoelectric Chemical Sensors for Environmental Monitoring and Foodstuffs Analysis. 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