{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T17:06:02Z","timestamp":1775149562119,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Civil Aviation Security Capacity Project in 2022","award":["MHAQ2022028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MHAQ2022028"]}]},{"name":"Civil Aviation Security Capacity Project in 2022","award":["ZX2021-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZX2021-03"]}]},{"name":"Civil Aviation Security Capacity Project in 2022","award":["FZ2021ZZ03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZ2021ZZ03"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Civil Aviation Flight University of China","award":["MHAQ2022028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MHAQ2022028"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Civil Aviation Flight University of China","award":["ZX2021-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZX2021-03"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Civil Aviation Flight University of China","award":["FZ2021ZZ03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZ2021ZZ03"]}]},{"name":"Independent Research Project of Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Flight Technology and Flight Safety","award":["MHAQ2022028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MHAQ2022028"]}]},{"name":"Independent Research Project of Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Flight Technology and Flight Safety","award":["ZX2021-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZX2021-03"]}]},{"name":"Independent Research Project of Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Flight Technology and Flight Safety","award":["FZ2021ZZ03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FZ2021ZZ03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring and analyzing radio interference sources play a crucial role in ensuring the safe operation of civil aviation navigation, communication, airport management, and air traffic control. Traditional ground monitoring methods are slow and inadequate for tracking aerial and mobile interference sources effectively. Although flight methods such as helicopters and airships can effectively monitor aerial interference, the flight approval process is time-consuming and expensive. This paper investigates a novel approach to locating civil aviation radio interference sources using four unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to address this issue. It establishes a model for aerial positioning of radio interference sources with the four UAVs and proposes a method for time synchronization and data communication among them. The paper conducts simulations of the four-UAV time\u2013frequency difference positioning method, analyzing the geometric accuracy dilution with different deployment configurations of the UAVs, positioning biases, and root mean square errors (RMSEs) under varying interference source movement speeds. The simulation results provide crucial data to support subsequent experiments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T23:57:46Z","timestamp":1694995066000},"page":"7939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Research on a Method of Locating Civil Aviation Radio Interference Sources Based on Time Difference of Arrival and Frequency Difference of Arrival for Four Unmanned Aerial Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3205-2159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4168-7782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renhe","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAAC Academy of Flight Technology and Safety, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yozevitch, R., Marbel, R., Flysher, N., and Ben-Moshe, B. 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