{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:29:40Z","timestamp":1760149780082,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education in Iraq through the research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) is a promising technology to enable spatial multiplexing and improve throughput in wireless communication networks. To obtain the full benefits of MIMO systems, the Channel State Information (CSI) should be acquired correctly at the transmitter side for optimal beamforming design. The analytical centre-cutting plane method (ACCPM) has shown to be an appealing way to obtain the CSI at the transmitter side. This paper adopts ACCPM to learn down-link CSI in both single-user and multi-user scenarios. In particular, during the learning phase, it uses the null space beamforming vector of the estimated CSI to reduce the power usage, which approaches zero when the learned CSI approaches the optimal solution. Simulation results show our proposed method converges and outperforms previous studies. The effectiveness of the proposed method was corroborated by applying it to the scattering channel and winner II channel models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23187965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T03:02:17Z","timestamp":1695092537000},"page":"7965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enhanced MIMO CSI Estimation Using ACCPM with Limited Feedback"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Asadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad P.O. Box 19006, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibtesam R. K.","family":"Al-Saedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad P.O. Box 19006, Iraq"},{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saddam K.","family":"Alwane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad P.O. Box 19006, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongxiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7296-5413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laith","family":"Alzubaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2004.1341261","article-title":"What is the value of limited feedback for MIMO channels?","volume":"42","author":"Love","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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