{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T21:12:09Z","timestamp":1780693929222,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017412","name":"Becton, Dickinson and Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["not applicable"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients affected with type 1 diabetes and a non-negligible number of patients with type 2 diabetes are insulin dependent. Both the injection technique and the choice of the most suitable needle are fundamental for allowing them to have a good injection experience. The needles may differ in several parameters, from the length and diameter, up to the forces required to perform the injection and to some geometrical parameters of the needle tip (e.g., number of facets or bevels). The aim of the research is to investigate whether an increased number of bevels could decrease forces and energy involved in the insertion\u2013extraction cycle, thus potentially allowing patients to experience lower pain. Two needle variants, namely, 31 G \u00d7 5 mm and 32 G \u00d7 4 mm, are considered, and experimental tests are carried out to compare 3-bevels with 5-bevels needles for both the variants. The analysis of the forces and energy for both variants show that the needles with 5 bevels require a statistically significant lower drag or sliding force (p-value = 0.040 for the 31 G \u00d7 5 mm needle and p-value &lt; 0.001 for 32 G \u00d7 4 mm), extraction force (p-value &lt; 0.001 for both variants), and energy (p-value &lt; 0.001 for both variants) during the insertion\u2013extraction cycle. As a result, 3-bevels needles do not have the same functionality of 5-bevels needles, show lower capacity of drag and extraction, and can potentially be related to more painful injection experience for patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:48:31Z","timestamp":1695552511000},"page":"8043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of the Number of Needle Tip Bevels on the Exerted Forces and Energy in Insulin Pen Injections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1346-515X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso Maria","family":"Ponsiglione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7290-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Ricciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enzo","family":"Bonora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9053-3139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-1115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2023, June 12). 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