{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T03:33:33Z","timestamp":1771040013732,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Software AG Stiftung, Darmstadt, Germany"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intracranial pressure (ICP) burden or pressure time dose (PTD) is a valuable clinical indicator for pending intracranial hypertension, mostly based on threshold exceedance. Pulse frequency and waveform morphology (WFM) of the ICP signal contribute to PTD. The temporal resolution of the ICP signal has a great influence on PTD calculation but has not been systematically studied yet. Hence, the temporal resolution of the ICP signal on PTD calculation is investigated. We retrospectively analysed continuous 48 h ICP recordings with high temporal resolution obtained from 94 patients at the intensive care unit who underwent neurosurgery due to an intracranial haemorrhage and received an intracranial pressure probe (43 females, median age: 72 years, range: 23 to 88 years). The cumulative area under the curve above the threshold of 20 mmHg was compared for different temporal resolutions of the ICP signal (beat-to-beat, 1 s, 300 s, 1800 s, 3600 s). Events with prolonged ICP elevation were compared to those with few isolated threshold exceedances. PTD increased for lower temporal resolutions independent of WFM and frequency of threshold exceedance. PTDbeat-to-beat best reflected the impact of frequency of threshold exceedance and WFM. Events that could be distinguished in PTDbeat-to-beat became magnified more than 7-fold in PTD1s and more than 104 times in PTD1h, indicating an overestimation of PTD. PTD calculation should be standardised, and beat-by-beat PTD could serve as an easy-to-grasp indicator for the impact of frequency and WFM of ICP elevations on ICP burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:48:31Z","timestamp":1695552511000},"page":"8051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pressure Time Dose as a Representation of Intracranial Pressure Burden and Its Dependency on Intracranial Pressure Waveform Morphology at Different Time Intervals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Anna-Li","family":"Sch\u00f6nenberg-Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Integrative Neuro-Medicine, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke, 58313 Herdecke, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8303-0261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Cysarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Medicine, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58313 Herdecke, Germany"},{"name":"Integrated Curriculum for Anthroposophic Medicine, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58313 Herdecke, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Petzold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Integrative Neuro-Medicine, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke, 58313 Herdecke, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl Benjamin","family":"Bl\u00fcmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Integrative Neuro-Medicine, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke, 58313 Herdecke, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8056-6869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christa","family":"Raak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Medicine, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58313 Herdecke, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7592-8653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Fricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Department of Human Medicine, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58455 Witten, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Edelh\u00e4user","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Medicine, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58313 Herdecke, Germany"},{"name":"Integrated Curriculum for Anthroposophic Medicine, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58313 Herdecke, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Scharbrodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Integrative Neuro-Medicine, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Herdecke, 58313 Herdecke, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Integrative Medicine, Witten\/Herdecke University, 58313 Herdecke, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2004.08.043","article-title":"A Novel Method of Evaluating the Impact of Secondary Brain Insults on Functional Outcomes in Traumatic Brain-Injured Patients","volume":"12","author":"Barton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acad. 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