{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T12:27:24Z","timestamp":1778329644549,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Investments and European Projects"},{"name":"MCID"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rail transport comfort is ensured by predictive maintenance and continuous supervision of rail quality. Besides the specialized equipment, the authors are proposing a simple system that can be implemented on operational wagons while in service, aiming to detect irregularities in the rail and report them using the train\u2019s online communication lines. The sensor itself is an acceleration sensor connected to an electronic microcontroller able to filter the inrush acceleration and send it to the diagnosis system of the wagon. This paper presents a study of real data recorded of the transversal and vertical vibrations of a standard tank wagon, measured on 2 axles and the car body, followed by the interpretation of the recorded data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T04:15:38Z","timestamp":1695615338000},"page":"8064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Experimental Study of Wheel-to-Rail Interaction Using Acceleration Sensors for Continuous Rail Transport Comfort Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ioana","family":"Mih\u0103ilescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of FIMM, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Railway Vehicles Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7186-2124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"Tudor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Sources and Energy Efficiency Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 030138 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4397-8012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionu\u021b","family":"Vasile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Renewable Sources and Energy Efficiency Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, 030138 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marius Alin","family":"Ghe\u021bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Railway Vehicles Department, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sebesan, I., and Mazilu, T. (2010). Vibrations of the Railway Vehicles, MatrixRom. (In Romanian)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.25103\/jestr.084.04","article-title":"Analysis of the dynamic response in the railway vehicles to the track vertical irregularities. Part I: The numerical analysis","volume":"8","author":"Dumitriu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci. Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.25103\/jestr.084.05","article-title":"Analysis of the dynamic response in the railway vehicles to the track vertical irregularities. Part II: The numerical analysis","volume":"8","author":"Dumitriu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci. Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"269","article-title":"On the dynamic effects of wheel running on discretely supported rail","volume":"10","author":"Mazilu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Rom. Acad.-Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1076\/vesd.40.5.329.17912","article-title":"Vertical vibration analysis of vehicle\/imperfect track systems","volume":"40","author":"Young","year":"2003","journal-title":"Veh. Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"48","article-title":"Applying the Experimental Modal Analysis to Validate The Railway Frame Bogie Design","volume":"17","author":"Manea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Rom. Acad. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-011-0212-2","article-title":"An alternative method to include track irregularities in railway vehicle dynamic analyses","volume":"68","author":"Pombo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/00423119808969585","article-title":"Modelling and simulation of railway bogie structural vibrations","volume":"28","author":"Claus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Veh. Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1081\/SME-120022852","article-title":"Simulation of railway vehicles: Necessities and applications","volume":"31","author":"Schupp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mech.-Based Des. Struct. Mach."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/00423119508969105","article-title":"A review of modeling methods for railway vehicle suspension components","volume":"24","author":"Eickhoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Veh. Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2011.02.025","article-title":"On rail vehicle vibrations induced by track unevenness: Analysis of the excitation mechanism","volume":"330","author":"Cheli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"99","article-title":"Numerical analysis on the correlation between bogie dynamic response and vertical track irregularities","volume":"81","author":"Dumitriu","year":"2019","journal-title":"UPB Sci. Bull. Ser. D Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052044","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1213\/5\/052044","article-title":"Effect of wheel polygonization on the axle box vibrating and bolt self-loosening of high-speed trains","volume":"1213","author":"Shan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1177\/1099636219896251","article-title":"Hybrid control technique for vibroacoustic performance analysis of a smart doubly curved sandwich structure considering sensor and actuator layers","volume":"23","author":"Darvishgohari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sandw. Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2020.106141","article-title":"Radiated sound control from a smart cylinder subjected to piezoelectric uncertainties based on sliding mode technique using self-adjusting boundary layer","volume":"106","author":"Gohari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosp. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.14513\/actatechjaur.v12.n2.501","article-title":"Comparative analysis of axle box acceleration in correlation with track geometry irregularities","volume":"12","author":"Agh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Tech. Jaurinensis"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Lee, J.E., and Naguib, H. (2023). Proc. SPIE 12485, Nano-, Bio-, Info-Tech Sensors, and Wearable Systems, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2017.06.027","article-title":"A probabilistic model for tracking random irregularities in vehicle\/track coupled dynamics","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyang, A., Wang, P.J., Xu Chen, R., and Cui, D. (2017). Observation and simulation of axle box acceleration in the presence of rail weld in high-speed railway. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7121259"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409719840450","article-title":"Analysing the correlation between vehicle responses and track irregularities using dynamic simulations and measurements","volume":"234","author":"Karis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2478\/rjti-2018-0011","article-title":"Experimental verification of method to synthesize the track vertical irregularities","volume":"7","author":"Dumitriu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rom. J. Transp. Infrastruct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1080\/00423114.2017.1403634","article-title":"Correlation of track irregularities and vehicle responses based on measured data","volume":"56","author":"Karis","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJVMM-Veh. Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1076\/vesd.38.3.165.8287","article-title":"The development of a numerical model for railway vehicles comfort assessment through comparison with experimental measurements","volume":"38","author":"Diana","year":"2002","journal-title":"Veh. Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.111549","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the use of multiple very low-cost inertial-based devices for comfort assessment and rail track monitoring","volume":"199","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2023, September 15). Test Ring of AFER, Faurei, Romania. Available online: http:\/\/www.afer.ro\/ctff\/ctff-en.html."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Railway Applications. Testing and Simulation for the Acceptance of Running Characteristics of Railway Vehicles (Standard No. BS EN 14363:2016+A2:2022). Available online: https:\/\/www.en-standard.eu\/bs-en-14363-2016-a2-2022-railway-applications-testing-and-simulation-for-the-acceptance-of-running-characteristics-of-railway-vehicles-running-behaviour-and-stationary-tests\/."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/19\/8064\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:57:22Z","timestamp":1760129842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/19\/8064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s23198064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23198064","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]}}}