{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:06:46Z","timestamp":1764785206278,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology R&amp;D Program of China State Railway Group Co., Ltd.","award":["SY2021G001","2022YJ033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SY2021G001","2022YJ033"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology R&amp;D Program of China Academy of Railway Sciences Co., Ltd.","award":["SY2021G001","2022YJ033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SY2021G001","2022YJ033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared with railway communication service requirements on the mainline, requirements in hotspots such as stations and yards are more complicated in terms of service types as well as bandwidth, of which railway-dedicated mobile communication systems such as 5G-R facilitated with dedicated frequency support cannot meet the entire communication requirements. Therefore, other radio-communication technologies need to be adopted as a supplement, among which the mmWave communication system is a promising technology, especially for large bandwidth communication between train and trackside. However, there is a lack of evaluation of the 28 GHz mmWave channel characteristics for the railway marshaling yard scenario. In this paper, the railway marshaling yard mmWave propagation scenario is deeply analyzed and classified into three typical categories, based on which, a measurement campaign is conducted using an SDR channel sounding system equipped with a 28 GHz mmWave phased-array antenna. A self-developed software under the LabVIEW platform is used to derive the channel parameters. Conclusions on the relationship between the parameters of MPC numbers, time-spread, and received power and position, as well as the impact of typical obstructions such as the Catenary, adjacent locomotives, and buildings are drawn. The statistical results and conclusions of this paper are helpful for facilitating the design and performance evaluation of future mmWave communication systems for railway marshaling yards and can also be further extended and applied to the research of mmWave utilization in 6G and other future communication technologies for more scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T07:50:26Z","timestamp":1695887426000},"page":"8108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["SDR-Based 28 GHz mmWave Channel Modeling of Railway Marshaling Yard"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9820-8532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiqun","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Department, China Academy of Railway Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Signal and Communication Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Research Center of Railway Intelligence Transportation System Engineering Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal and Communication Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Research Center of Railway Intelligence Transportation System Engineering Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal and Communication Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Research Center of Railway Intelligence Transportation System Engineering Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal and Communication Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Research Center of Railway Intelligence Transportation System Engineering Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Railway Track Test Center, Beijing 100015, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-0942-z","article-title":"A survey of millimeter wave communications (mmWave) for 5G: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"21","author":"Niu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. 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