{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:32:54Z","timestamp":1760149974891,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP21H05006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21H05006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, taste sensors utilizing lipid polymer membranes are utilized to assess the taste of food products quantitatively. During this process, it is crucial to identify and quantify basic tastes, e.g., sourness and sweetness, while ensuring that there is no response to tasteless substances. For instance, suppression of responses to anions, like tasteless NO3\u2212 ions contained in vegetables, is essential. However, systematic electrochemical investigations have not been made to achieve this goal. In this study, we fabricated three positively charged lipid polymer membranes containing oleylamine (OAm), trioctylemethylammonium chloride (TOMACl), or tetradodecylammonium bromide (TDAB) as lipids, and sensors that consist of these membranes to investigate the potential change characteristics of these sensors in solutions containing different anions (F\u2212, Cl\u2212, Br\u2212, NO3\u2212, I\u2212). The ability of each anion solution to reduce the positive charge on membranes and shift the membrane potential in the negative direction was in the following order: I\u2212 &gt; NO3\u2212 &gt; Br\u2212 &gt; Cl\u2212 &gt; F\u2212. This order well reflected the order of size of the hydrated ions, related to their hydration energy. Additionally, the OAm sensor displayed low ion selectivity, whereas the TOMACl and TDAB sensors showed high ion selectivity related to the OAm sensor. Such features in ion selectivity are suggested to be due to the variation in positive charge with the pH of the environment and packing density of the OAm molecule in the case of the OAm sensor and due to the strong and constant positive charge created by complete ionization of lipids in the case of TOMACl and TDAB sensors. Furthermore, it was revealed that the ion selectivity varies by changing the lipid concentration in each membrane. These results contribute to developing sensor membranes that respond to different anion species selectively and creating taste sensors capable of suppressing responses to tasteless anions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T07:42:08Z","timestamp":1695973328000},"page":"8145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electrical Properties of Taste Sensors with Positively Charged Lipid Membranes Composed of Amines and Ammonium Salts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatsukichi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7314-5540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidekazu","family":"Ikezaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Sensor Technology, Inc., 5-1-1 Onna, Atsugi-shi 243-0032, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Toko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Study, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2011.02.002","article-title":"A Comparative Study on Two Electronic Tongues for Pharmaceutical Formulation Development","volume":"55","author":"Woertz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2007.01.010","article-title":"The Latest Trends in the Taste Assessment of Pharmaceuticals","volume":"12","author":"Anand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1039\/c0an00292e","article-title":"Recent Advances in Electronic Tongues","volume":"135","author":"Riul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2263125","article-title":"Electronic tongues\u2013A review","volume":"13","author":"Tahara","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.99.011","article-title":"Research and Development of Taste Sensors as a Novel Analytical Tool","volume":"99","author":"Toko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakatani, F., Ienaga, T., Wu, X., Tahara, Y., Ikezaki, H., Sano, H., Muto, Y., Kaneda, Y., and Toko, K. (2019). Development of a sensor with a lipid\/polymer membrane comprising Na+ ion ionophores to evaluate the saltiness enhancement effect. Sensors, 19.","key":"ref_6","DOI":"10.3390\/s19235251"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, Y., Watanabe, K., Watanabe, T., Kimura, S., and Toko, K. (2023). Development and Optimization of a Highly Sensitive Sensor to Quinine-Based Saltiness Enhancement Effect. Sensors, 23.","key":"ref_7","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063178"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, Z., Jing, Y., Ikezaki, H., and Toko, K. (2021). Electrical properties of two types of membrane component used in taste sensors. Sensors, 21.","key":"ref_8","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248343"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Shiino, T., Tahara, Y., Ikezaki, H., and Toko, K. (2021). Quantification of pharmaceutical bitterness using a membrane electrode based on a hydrophobic tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] borate. Chemosensors, 9.","key":"ref_9","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors9020028"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"177","article-title":"Effect of the nitrate ion contained in brassica rapa var. perviridis and spinacia oleracea on their taste values obtained by taste sensor","volume":"4","author":"Noda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stud. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4579","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2967083","article-title":"Reusability enhancement of taste sensor using lipid polymer membranes by surfactant cleaning treatment","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199466122527","article-title":"Recommendations for nomenclature of ionselective electrodes","volume":"66","author":"Buck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1021\/j100620a020","article-title":"Effective fixed charge density governing membrane phenomena. V. A reduced expression of permselectivity","volume":"77","author":"Kamo","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.47.2862","article-title":"The Selectivity Evaluation of an Ion-Selective Electrode with a Liquid Membrane by Electrode Response to a Foreign Ion","volume":"47","author":"Jyo","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn."},{"unstructured":"Helfferich, F. (1995). Ion Exchange, Dover Publications.","key":"ref_15"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01204153","article-title":"Anion-Selective Liquid Membrane Electrodes Based on Lipophilic Quaternary Ammonium Compounds","volume":"84","author":"Wegmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(68)90093-3","article-title":"Counterion Effects in Charged Monolayers","volume":"27","author":"Goddard","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1021\/j100103a020","article-title":"Proton Affinities of Ammonia, Water, and Hydrogen Fluoride and Their Anions: A Quest for the Basis-Set Limit Using the Dunning Augmented Correlation-Consistent Basis Sets","volume":"97","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16274","DOI":"10.3390\/s140916274","article-title":"Relationship between the Amount of Bitter Substances Adsorbed onto Lipid\/Polymer Membrane and the Electric Response of Taste Sensors","volume":"14","author":"Toko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"unstructured":"Imahori, K., and Murahashi, S. (1973). Progress in Polymer Science Japan, Kodansha LTD.","key":"ref_20"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/19\/8145\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:01:17Z","timestamp":1760130077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/19\/8145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s23198145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23198145","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]}}}