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This review highlights the emergence of three-dimensional handheld PA imaging systems as a promising approach for various biomedical applications. These systems are classified into four techniques: direct imaging with 2D ultrasound (US) arrays, mechanical-scanning-based imaging with 1D US arrays, mirror-scanning-based imaging, and freehand-scanning-based imaging. A comprehensive overview of recent research in each imaging technique is provided, and potential solutions for system limitations are discussed. This review will serve as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners interested in advancements and opportunities in three-dimensional handheld PA imaging technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T07:42:08Z","timestamp":1695973328000},"page":"8149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Review of Three-Dimensional Handheld Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging Systems and Their Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Changyeop","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7249-1257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chulhong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Convergence IT Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Medical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, and Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Byullee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2021.100264","article-title":"Progress of clinical translation of handheld and semi-handheld photoacoustic imaging","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7379","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00627","article-title":"Recent Advances in Contrast-Enhanced Photoacoustic Imaging: Overcoming the Physical and Practical Challenges","volume":"123","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. 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