{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T13:06:20Z","timestamp":1776776780505,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of underground artificial cavities plays an important role in the exploitation of urban spatial resources. As the rapidly growing number of underground artificial cavities with different depths and scales increases, the detection and identification of underground artificial cavities has become a key issue in underground engineering studies. Geophysical techniques have been widely used for the construction, management, and maintenance of underground artificial cavities. In this study, we present two identification methods for underground artificial cavities. Apparent resistivity imaging is the most popular technique for quickly identifying underground artificial cavities, using the forward simulation results of a three-dimensional earth model and comparing these with the preset positions of artificial cavities, as demonstrated in the experiment. To further improve the efficiency of underground artificial cavity identification, we developed a fast recognition approach for underground artificial cavities based on the Bayesian convolutional neural network (BCNN). Compared to a traditional convolutional neural network, the performance of the BCNN method was greatly improved in terms of the classification accuracy and efficiency of identifying underground artificial cavities with apparent resistivity image datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T07:42:08Z","timestamp":1695973328000},"page":"8169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification of Underground Artificial Cavities Based on the Bayesian Convolutional Neural Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jigen","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"The 22nd Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2025-8960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronghua","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 22nd Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3760-6708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 22nd Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yizhuo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2648-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2022.102208","article-title":"A Review of Electrical Resilience Tomography Applications in Underground Imaging and Object Detection","volume":"73","author":"Ducut","year":"2022","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Ng, Y.C.H., Zhang, Y., Yang, P., and Ku, T. 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