{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T15:03:48Z","timestamp":1772463828106,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), India","award":["CRG\/2021\/001517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRG\/2021\/001517"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcohol is a dangerous substance causing global mortality and health issues, including mental health problems. Regular alcohol consumption can lead to depression, anxiety, cognitive decline, and increased risk of alcohol-related disorders. Thus, monitoring ethanol levels in biological samples could contribute to maintaining good health. Herein, we developed an electrochemical sensor for the determination of ethanol in human salivary samples. Initially, the tetra-chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) was chemically reduced using sparfloxacin (Sp) which also served as a stabilizing agent for the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). As-prepared Sp-AuNPs were comprehensively characterized and confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and elemental mapping analysis. The average particle size (~25 nm) and surface charge (negative) of Sp-AuNPs were determined by using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential measurements. An activated screen-printed carbon electrode (A-SPE) was modified using Sp-AuNPs dispersion, which exhibited greater electrocatalytic activity and sensitivity for ethanol (EtOH) oxidation in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). DPV showed a linear response for EtOH from 25 \u00b5M to 350 \u00b5M with the lowest limit of detection (LOD) of 0.55 \u00b5M. Reproducibility and repeatability studies revealed that the Sp-AuNPs\/A-SPEs were highly stable and very sensitive to EtOH detection. Additionally, the successful electrochemical determination of EtOH in a saliva sample was carried out. The recovery rate of EtOH spiked in the saliva sample was found to be 99.6%. Thus, the incorporation of Sp-AuNPs within sensors could provide new possibilities in the development of ethanol sensors with an improved level of precision and accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T04:39:30Z","timestamp":1696221570000},"page":"8201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Using Sparfloxacin-Capped Gold Nanoparticles to Modify a Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode Sensor for Ethanol Determination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8032-3074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasanth","family":"Magesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nano-Biosensors, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, 162 Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vishaka S.","family":"Kothari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nano-Biosensors, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, 162 Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhanraj","family":"Ganapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nano-Biosensors, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, 162 Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8793-0953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raji","family":"Atchudan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5059-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandeep","family":"Arya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Nallaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nano-Biosensors, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, 162 Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8512-9393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok K.","family":"Sundramoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nano-Biosensors, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, 162 Poonamallee High Road, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.011","article-title":"Nanoparticles: Properties, Applications and Toxicities","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. 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