{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T01:31:12Z","timestamp":1775871072525,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42274017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A1515030184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515030184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202201010129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201010129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["42274017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274017"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2023A1515030184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515030184"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["202201010129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201010129"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["42274017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42274017"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["2023A1515030184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515030184"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["202201010129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201010129"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, a precise single-receiver differential code bias (DCB) estimation method using the precise point positioning (PPP) model is presented. The first step is to extract the high-precision ionospheric observations, including DCBs, based on the PPP model. Then, the satellite DCBs are corrected using International GNSS Service (IGS) products. Lastly, the algorithm for the minimization of the standard deviation of vertical total electron content (VTECmstd) is employed to determine the value of receiver DCB. To check the method, GNSS data from more than 200 IGS stations around the globe on four days with various geomagnetic and solar activity circumstances are processed. The receiver DCBs are compared to those obtained using previous carried-to-code level (CCL) models. The experimental results show that, compared to the CCL model, the values of VTECmstd for most stations are significantly reduced, the mean number of stations with negative ionospheric measurements is reduced by 40% after correcting the receiver DCBs, and the mean error of estimated receiver DCBs is reduced by approximately 0.6 ns using the PPP model. These results suggest that this method can provide more high-precision receiver DCB estimation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T07:28:29Z","timestamp":1696318109000},"page":"8230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Simple Approach to Determine Single-Receiver Differential Code Bias Using Precise Point Positioning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Fenkai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangfeng","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Remote Sensing Information Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic of Industry and Commerce, Guangzhou 510550, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1029\/94RS00449","article-title":"Estimation of the transmitter and receiver differential biases and the ionospheric total electron content from Global Positioning System observations","volume":"29","author":"Sardon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-016-0572-7","article-title":"Review of code and phase biases in multi-GNSS positioning","volume":"21","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Jensen, A.B.O., Ovstedal, O., and Grinde, G. 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