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To address this, a coin-sized oxygen (O2) sensor has been successfully developed based on a small toroidal absorption cell design. The absorption cell integrates a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) and photodetector into a compact unit, measuring 90 \u00d7 40 \u00d7 20 mm and weighing 75.16 g. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is used to obtain the O2 spectral line at 763 nm. For further improving the sensitivity and robustness of the sensor, wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) is utilized for the measurement. The obtained linear correlation coefficient is 0.9994. Based on Allen variance analysis, the sensor achieves an impressive minimum detection limit of 0.06% for oxygen concentration at an integration time of 318 s. The pressure-dependent relationship has been validated by accounting for the pressure factor in data processing. To affirm its efficacy, the laser spectrometer underwent continuous atmospheric O2 measurement for 24 h, showcasing its stability and robustness. This development introduces a continuous online laser spectral sensor with potential applications in manned spaceflight scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T09:14:22Z","timestamp":1696497262000},"page":"8249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Coin-Sized Oxygen Laser Sensor Based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Combining a Toroidal Absorption Cell"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Minxia","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Precision Measurement and Online Detection Equipment, Shanxi Center of Technology Innovation for Light Manipulations and Applications, School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, 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