{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:17:23Z","timestamp":1782173843931,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Center for Research and Development in Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAZOWSZE\/0141\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAZOWSZE\/0141\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chemical pressure storage tanks are containers designed to store fluids at high pressures, i.e., their internal pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure. They can come in various shapes and sizes, and may be fabricated from a variety of materials. As aggressive chemical agents stored under elevated pressures can cause significant damage to both people and the environment, it is essential to develop systems for the early damage detection and the monitoring of structural integrity of such vessels. The development of early damage detection and condition monitoring systems could also help to reduce the maintenance costs associated with periodic inspections of the structure and unforeseen operational breaks due to unmonitored damage development. It could also reduce the related environmental burden. In this paper, we consider a hybrid material composed of glass-fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs) and a polyethylene (PE) layer that is suitable for pressurized chemical storage tank manufacturing. GFRPs are used for the outer layer of the tank structure and provides the dominant part of the construction stiffness, while the PE layer is used for protection against the stored chemical medium. The considered damage scenarios include simulated cracks and an erosion of the inner PE layer, as these can be early signs of structural damage leading to the leakage of hazardous liquids, which could compromise safety and, possibly, harm the environment. For damage detection, PZT sensors were selected due to their widely recognized applicability for the purpose of structural health monitoring. For sensor installation, it was assumed that only the outer GFRP layer was available as otherwise sensors could be affected by the stored chemical agent. The main focus of this paper is to verify whether elastic waves excited by PZT sensors, which are installed on the outer GFRP layer, can penetrate the GFRP and PE interface and can be used to detect damage occurring in the inner PE layer. The efficiency of different signal characteristics used for structure evaluation is compared for various frequencies and durations of the excitation signal as well as feasibility of PZT sensor application for passive acquisition of acoustic emission signals is verified.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T09:14:22Z","timestamp":1696497262000},"page":"8252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Structural Health Monitoring of Chemical Storage Tanks with Application of PZT Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2555-0052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Dziendzikowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Airworthiness Division, Air Force Institute of Technology, ul. Ks. Boleslawa 6, 01-494 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4092-7746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Kozera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3049-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airworthiness Division, Air Force Institute of Technology, ul. Ks. Boleslawa 6, 01-494 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0877-7282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Dydek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Kurkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6141-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna D.","family":"Krawczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szczepan","family":"Gorbacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amargo Ltd., ul. Jasminowa 16, 05-850 Koprki, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3694-1342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Boczkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.05.015","article-title":"A study of storage tank accidents","volume":"19","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2016.06.006","article-title":"Breathing losses from low-pressure storage tanks due to atmospheric weather change","volume":"43","author":"Moncalvo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2008). Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries \u2014 Venting of Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks (Standard No. ISO 28300:2008)."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2014). Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, 7th ed (Standard No. API STD 2000:2004)."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2021). Standard Specification for Polyethylene Upright Storage Tanks (Standard No. ASTM D1998-21)."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajak, D.K., Pagar, D.D., Menezes, P.L., and Linul, E. (2019). Fiber-reinforced polymer composites: Manufacturing, properties, and applications. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11101667"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.05.466","article-title":"Analysis of cylindrical pressure vessels with dissimilar ends and material comparison","volume":"51","author":"Kushwah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2021). GRP Tanks and Vessels for Use above Ground (Standard No. EN 13121)."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2019.105619","article-title":"Glass fibre sizing: A review","volume":"127","author":"Thomason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Taheri, F. (2013). Advanced Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Structural Applications, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Boon, Y., Joshi, S.C., and Bhudolia, S.K. (2021). Filament winding and automated fiber placement with in situ consolidation for fiber reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13121951"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Fraden, J. (2010). Handbook of Modern Sensors: Physics, Designs, and Applications, Springer Science & Business Media. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boller, C., Chang, F.K., and Fujino, Y. (2009). Encyclopedia of Structural Health Monitoring, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470061626"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staszewski, W.J., Boller, C., and Tomlinson, G.R. (2004). Health Monitoring of Aerospace Structures, Wiley Online Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470092866"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay, S.C. (2011). New Developments in Sensing Technology for Structural Health Monitoring, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21099-0"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, D. (2007). Health Monitoring of Structural Materials and Components: Methods with Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470511589"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100067","DOI":"10.1002\/aisy.202100067","article-title":"Recent advances in machine learning for fiber optic sensor applications","volume":"4","author":"Venketeswaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1049\/cit2.12054","article-title":"Wavelet method optimised by ant colony algorithm used for extracting stable and unstable signals in intelligent substations","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"CAAI Trans. Intell. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2023.107014","article-title":"A review in guided-ultrasonic-wave-based structural health monitoring: From fundamental theory to machine learning techniques","volume":"133","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toh, G., and Park, J. (2020). Review of vibration-based structural health monitoring using deep learning. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10051680"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Cabrera, A., and Escamilla-Ambrosio, P.J. (2022). Review of machine-learning techniques applied to structural health monitoring systems for building and bridge structures. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app122110754"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"379","article-title":"Application of machine learning and artificial intelligence in oil and gas industry","volume":"6","author":"Sircar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pet. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101827","article-title":"Deep learning in the construction industry: A review of present status and future innovations","volume":"32","author":"Akinosho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heywang, W., Lubitz, K., and Wersing, W. (2008). Piezoelectricity: Evolution and Future of a Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68683-5"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giurgiutiu, V. (2014). Structural Health Monitoring: With Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-418691-0.00007-1"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Z., and Ye, L. (2009). Identification of Damage Using Lamb Waves: From Fundamentals to Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-784-4"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepinski, T., Uhl, T., and Staszewski, W. (2013). Advanced Structural Damage Detection: From Theory to Engineering Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118536148"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giurgiutiu, V. (2016). Structural Health Monitoring of Aerospace Composites, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-85709-523-7.00016-5"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.02.046","article-title":"On the use of in situ piezoelectric sensors for the manufacturing and structural health monitoring of polymer-matrix composites: A literature review","volume":"215","author":"Tuloup","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921704041869","article-title":"Detection of Low-velocity Impact Damage in Composite Plates using Lamb Waves","volume":"3","author":"Diamanti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.06.010","article-title":"Detection of multiple low-energy impact damage in composite plates using Lamb wave techniques","volume":"80","author":"Infante","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2015.09.021","article-title":"In situ Barely Visible Impact Damage detection and localization for composite structures using surface mounted and embedded PZT transducers: A comparative study","volume":"78","author":"Dziendzikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.11.042","article-title":"Damage characterization of composite plates under low velocity impact using ultrasonic guided waves","volume":"138","author":"Caputo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"STEMiNC Inc. (2023, October 02). SMD05T04R111WL Sensors Datasheet. Available online: https:\/\/www.steminc.com\/PZT\/en\/piezo-disc-transducer-450-khz."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"160","article-title":"Corrosion detection in welds and heat-affected zones using ultrasonic Lamb waves","volume":"48","author":"Sargent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Insight-Non-Destr. Test. Cond. Monit."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1203","article-title":"On the sensitivity of corrosion and fatigue damage detection using guided ultrasonic waves","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Fromme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10921-016-0380-6","article-title":"Detection and characterization of local defect resonances arising from delaminations and flat bottom holes","volume":"36","author":"Hettler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2015.05.010","article-title":"Attenuation of Ao Lamb mode in hybrid structural composites with nanofillers","volume":"132","author":"Sreekumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"DIGILENT (2023, October 02). Analog Discovery 2 Module Product Specification. Available online: https:\/\/digilent.com\/reference\/test-and-measurement\/analog-discovery-2\/start."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"A.A. LAB SYSTEMS LTD. (2023, October 02). A-303 High Voltage Amplifier Product Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.lab-systems.com\/products\/amplifier\/a303.html."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Graff, K. (1975). Wave Motion in Elastic Solids, Clarendon Press."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010803","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4029539","article-title":"Simulation methods for guided wave-based structural health monitoring: A review","volume":"67","author":"Willberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostachowicz, W., Kudela, P., Krawczuk, M., and Zak, A. (2012). Guided Waves in Structures for SHM: The Time-Domain Spectral Element Method, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119965855"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2006.01.020","article-title":"Guided Lamb waves for identification of damage in composite structures: A review","volume":"295","author":"Su","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, J.L. (2014). Ultrasonic Guided Waves in Solid Media, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107273610"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giurgiutiu, V. (2022). Stress, Vibration, and Wave Analysis in Aerospace Composites, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813308-8.00005-3"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lugovtsova, Y., Bulling, J., Boller, C., and Prager, J. (2019). Analysis of guided wave propagation in a multi-layered structure in view of structural health monitoring. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9214600"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1695011","article-title":"Lamb wave propagation in elastic plates coated with viscoelastic materials","volume":"115","author":"Simonetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4791711","article-title":"Reflection and transmission of Lamb waves at an imperfect joint of plates","volume":"113","author":"Mori","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2017.06.009","article-title":"Transmission characteristics of the S0 and A0 Lamb waves at contacting edges of plates","volume":"81","author":"Mori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2004.02.023","article-title":"Scattering of plate waves by a cylindrical inhomogeneity","volume":"282","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2764472","article-title":"Short range scattering of the fundamental shear horizontal guided wave mode normally incident at a through-thickness crack in an isotropic plate","volume":"122","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2982410","article-title":"Scattering of the fundamental shear horizontal guided wave by a part-thickness crack in an isotropic plate","volume":"124","author":"Rajagopal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125010","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/12\/125010","article-title":"Guided wave interaction with hole damage using the local interaction simulation approach","volume":"23","author":"Obenchain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhuiyan, M.Y., Shen, Y., and Giurgiutiu, V. (2016). Guided wave based crack detection in the rivet hole using global analytical with local FEM approach. Materials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9070602"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2016.12.015","article-title":"Analysis of high frequency guided wave scattering at a fastener hole with a view to fatigue crack detection","volume":"76","author":"Masserey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2018.09.007","article-title":"Transmission of Lamb waves across a partially closed crack: Numerical analysis and experiment","volume":"92","author":"Matsushita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1500756","article-title":"Modal decomposition method for modeling the interaction of Lamb waves with cracks","volume":"112","author":"Castaings","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2018.07.007","article-title":"Damage localization method for plates based on the time reversal of the mode-converted Lamb waves","volume":"91","author":"Mori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dziendzikowski, M., Niedbala, P., Kurnyta, A., Kowalczyk, K., and Dragan, K. (2018). Structural health monitoring of a composite panel based on PZT sensors and a transfer impedance framework. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051521"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dziendzikowski, M., Heesch, M., Gorski, J., Dragan, K., and Dworakowski, Z. (2021). Application of PZT ceramic sensors for composite structure monitoring using harmonic excitation signals and bayesian classification approach. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14195468"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cmd2010001","article-title":"A Review on the Applications of Acoustic Emission Technique in the Study of Stress Corrosion Cracking","volume":"2","author":"Calabrese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Corros. Mater. Degrad."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karbhari, V.M. (2013). Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of Polymer Matrix Composites, Woodhead Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857093554"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.2478\/meceng-2014-0037","article-title":"Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Methods in Machine Design and Operation","volume":"61","author":"Barski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo, P., and Milazzo, A. (2021). European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64908-1"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.06.003","article-title":"Use of piezoelectric as acoustic emission sensor for in situ monitoring of composite structures","volume":"80","author":"Masmoudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Lyu, X., Zhang, Y., Yun, L., and Li, L. (2020). Bending Resistance and Failure Type Evaluation of Basalt Fiber RPC Beam Affected by Notch and Interfacial Damage Using Acoustic Emission. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10031138"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sause, M.G. (2016). In Situ Monitoring of Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Theory, Basic Concepts, Methods, and Applications, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30954-5_2"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s10443-011-9247-2","article-title":"Enhanced Composites Integrity Through Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"19","author":"Giurgiutiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perfetto, D., Rezazadeh, N., Aversano, A., De Luca, A., and Lamanna, G. (2023). Composite Panel Damage Classification Based on Guided Waves and Machine Learning: An Experimental Approach. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app131810017"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2020.106114","article-title":"Environmental and operational conditions effects on Lamb wave based structural health monitoring systems: A review","volume":"105","author":"Gorgin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dziendzikowski, M., Heesch, M., Gorski, J., Kowalczyk, K., Dragan, K., and Dworakowski, Z. (2022). A Method of Damage Detection Efficiency Enhancement of PZT Sensor Networks under Influence of Environmental and Operational Conditions. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010369"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2009.11.002","article-title":"Efficient temperature compensation strategies for guided wave structural health monitoring","volume":"50","author":"Croxford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2015.04.019","article-title":"Load monitoring and compensation strategies for guided-waves based structural health monitoring using piezoelectric transducers","volume":"351","author":"Roy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2016.06.038","article-title":"Multi-stage temperature compensation method for Lamb wave measurements","volume":"382","author":"Dworakowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmanpour, M.S., Sharif Khodaei, Z., and Aliabadi, M.F. (2017). Impact damage localisation with piezoelectric sensors under operational and environmental conditions. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051178"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1177\/14759217221107566","article-title":"Evaluation of machine learning techniques for structural health monitoring using ultrasonic guided waves under varying temperature conditions","volume":"22","author":"Abbassi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/19\/8252\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:01:28Z","timestamp":1760130088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/19\/8252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s23198252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23198252","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]}}}