{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T21:08:07Z","timestamp":1782421687059,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["ANR-20-CE04-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE04-0001"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["STAC-UP and FISR2019-CONCERNING"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STAC-UP and FISR2019-CONCERNING"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["As-ATLAS and CALIGOLA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["As-ATLAS and CALIGOLA"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-20-CE04-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE04-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["STAC-UP and FISR2019-CONCERNING"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STAC-UP and FISR2019-CONCERNING"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["As-ATLAS and CALIGOLA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["As-ATLAS and CALIGOLA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency","award":["ANR-20-CE04-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE04-0001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency","award":["STAC-UP and FISR2019-CONCERNING"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STAC-UP and FISR2019-CONCERNING"]}]},{"name":"Italian Space Agency","award":["As-ATLAS and CALIGOLA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["As-ATLAS and CALIGOLA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It was for a long time believed that lidar systems based on the use of high-repetition micro-pulse lasers could be effectively used to only stimulate atmospheric elastic backscatter echoes, and thus were only exploited in elastic backscatter lidar systems. Their application to stimulate rotational and roto-vibrational Raman echoes, and consequently, their exploitation in atmospheric thermodynamic profiling, was considered not feasible based on the technical specifications possessed by these laser sources until a few years ago. However, recent technological advances in the design and development of micro-pulse lasers, presently achieving high UV average powers (1\u20135 W) and small divergences (0.3\u20130.5 mrad), in combination with the use of large aperture telescopes (0.3\u20130.4 m diameter primary mirrors), allow one to presently develop micro-pulse laser-based Raman lidars capable of measuring the vertical profiles of atmospheric thermodynamic parameters, namely water vapor and temperature, both in the daytime and night-time. This paper is aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of these measurements and at illustrating and discussing the high achievable performance level, with a specific focus on water vapor profile measurements. The technical solutions identified in the design of the lidar system and their technological implementation within the experimental setup of the lidar prototype are also carefully illustrated and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T08:29:12Z","timestamp":1696580952000},"page":"8262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Atmospheric Thermodynamic Profiling through the Use of a Micro-Pulse Raman Lidar System: Introducing the Compact Raman Lidar MARCO"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7420-3164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Di Girolamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6892-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Di Paolantonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council (ISMAR-CNR), 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0867-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donato","family":"Summa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (IMAA-CNR), National Research Council, 85050 Tito, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3854-521X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Dionisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council (ISMAR-CNR), 00133 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1653005","article-title":"Observation of Raman scattering by water vapor in the atmosphere","volume":"15","author":"Melfi","year":"1969","journal-title":"Appl. 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Establishment of a backscatter coefficient and atmospheric database, ESA contract 12510\/97\/NL\/RE."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/19\/8262\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:01:50Z","timestamp":1760130110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/19\/8262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s23198262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23198262","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]}}}